1. Refractive
Surgery
Dr. Mohamed F Elbarghathi
By
Assistant lecturer , Ophthalmology department
Faculty of medicine, University of Benghazi
2. Explain the steps - including history, ocular examination, and
investigations - in evaluating whether a patient is an appropriate
candidate for refractive surgery.
1
INTENDEDLEARNINGOUTCOMES“ILOs”
Identify the various techniques used in refractive surgeries.
2
For (LASIK), describe surgical techniques and complications.
3
State possible contraindications to corneal based refractive surgery in
patients with pre-existing ocular or systemic disease.
4
3. Refractive surgeries
INTRO
Group of procedures that may be surgical or laser assisted,
on cornea or lens.
The surgeries on cornea are done far more frequently than
on the lens
Principle in corneal refractive surgeries is to change the
corneal curvature to change its refractive power
Some of the eyes that may benefit visually by surgery
cannot be operated due to existing contraindications.
4. Refractive surgeries
HISTORY
1965 1970 1983 1991 1996
JOS - IGNACIO BARRAQUER
Introduction of Keratomileusis
.
FYODOROV
invents Radial
Keratotomy
Invention of the
Excimer Laser
PRK and LASIK
approved by
FDA
SLADE / BRINT
1ST LASIK surgery
Evolution of
Femtosecond Laser in
Refractive Surgery
2001
7. Refractive surgeries
Preoperative assessment (History )
Why age is important ?
Ranges between
20 and 45 years
Under 20 years have higher
chances of being unstable
over 45 years have following
drawbacks:
01- Is the age of presbyopia.
02- Many of them will develop lenticular
changes ( Cataract).
8. Refractive surgeries
Preoperative assessment (stabilization ofrefraction )
The procedures should be
done only on eyes that have
unchanged errors of
refraction, at least 1 year
prior to surgery.
January
December
13. Cycloplegia should be performed
to all cases .
to refine the sphere.
By neutralizing accommodation .
Refractive surgeries
Preoperative assessment (Visual acuity&Refraction)
14. LASIK
(Sphere) +5.00 TO -14.00 D (Cylinder) Up to 5.00 D
PRK
(Sphere) +6.00 TO -12.00 D (Cylinder) Up to 4.00 D
Phakic intraocular lens
(Sphere) –3.00 to –20.00 D (Cylinder) Up to 4.00 D Toric lens
Refractive lens Exchange
(Sphere) All ranges (Cylinder) Up to 4.00 D toric lens
Refractive surgeries
Preoperative assessment (Visual acuity&Refraction)
Reference : 2022-2023
15. Rule out any of these :
Corneal dystrophy.
Vascularization.
Active HSV .
Corneal ectasia .”Keratoconus”
Refractive surgeries
Preoperative assessment (Identifies aCo-Pathology)
Cornea
16. Rule out any of these :
Cataract.
Ant or Post Lenticonus
Lens Subluxation
Refractive surgeries
Preoperative assessment (Identifies aCo-Pathology)
Lens
17. Tear meniscus height .
Tear film break up time .
Schirmer test .
EXCLUDE :-
Severe dry eye .
Autoimmune disease .
Refractive surgeries
Preoperative assessment (Identifies aCo-Pathology)
Pre ocular tear film
23. PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY ( PRK )
Outer layer of cornea is removed then excimer laser is
applied.
01
No flap created
02
Vision improves as surface heals from 7 to 21 days.
03
Longer recovery period (> 2 weeks)
04
Discomfort present during healing
05
25. LASIK (Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis)
Most commonly performed refractive surgery
01
Excimer laser ablation of corneal stroma beneath
a corneal flap that is created with a mechanical or
femtosecond laser microkeratome
02
26. LASIK (Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis)
Steps of LASIK
Flap creation
Apply excimer laser
Flap returned
34. Phakic Intra ocular lenses (IOL)
Artificial lenses implanted in the anterior or
posterior chamber in the presence of the natural
crystalline lens to correct refractive errors.
Types
•AC iris-fixated ( Artisan )
•Posterior chamber IOL ( ICL )