Easy language nephrotic syndrome ppt

1. Nephrotic
Syndrome
BY : MILTAN MACWAN

2. Introduction
 Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your
urine.
Nephrotic syndrome is non specific kidney disorder characterized by a number of signs of disease :
proteinuria, hyperalbuminemia, hyperlipidaemia and edema.
Nephrotic syndrome is usually cause by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys
that filters waste and excess water from your blood.
The condition causes swellings, particularly in your feet and ankles, and increases the risk of other
health problems.

3. Pathophysiology

4. Pathophysiology

5. Causes
Diabetic kidney diseae

6. Blood clots
The inability of the glomeruli to filter blood properly can lead to loss of blood proteins
that help prevent clotting. This increases your risk of developing a blood clot in your veins.

7. High blood cholestrol
But when chronic kidney disease is involved, inflammation can be a chronic condition
triggered by many things. It is suggested that inflammation of the arteries along with high
blood pressure damages the artery wall. Inflammation can cause bad (LDL) cholesterol to
stick around in the body.

8. Poor nutrition
Diet doesn't cause nephrotic syndrome, but what you eat could worsen symptoms and
cause other complications, such as high blood pressure, renal insufficiency, and increased fat
in the bloodstream.

9. High blood pressure
Over time, uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause arteries around the kidneys to
narrow, weaken or harden. These damaged arteries are not able to deliver enough blood to
the kidney tissue. Damaged kidney arteries don't filter blood well.

10. Acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden episode of
kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days. AKI causes
a build-up of waste products in your blood and makes it hard for your kidneys to keep
the right balance of fluid in your body.
.

11. Chronic kidney disease infection
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood
the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys
happens slowly over a long period of time. This damage can cause wastes to build up in your
body. CKD can also cause other health problems.

12. Certain medications
Drugs affect to kidneys in different ways. For example, some can make crystals that don't
break down and can block your urine flow. Others have substances that can damage
certain kidney cells when they try to filter them out. Some people also have allergic reactions
to antibiotics that can affect their kidneys.

13. Sign and symptoms
Severe swelling (edema) ,particularly around eyes and ankles and
feet.

14. Foamy urine a result of excess
protein in urine.

15. Weight gain due to fluid retention

16. Fatigue

17. Loss of appetite

18. Sign and symptoms
Proteinuria
Hypoalbumineria
Hypercholestreolemia
Hematuria

19. Ascites

20. Sign and symptoms
Irritability
Malaise
Headache
Weakness
Shortness of breath
Diarrhoea and vomiting

21. Abdominal pain

22. Sign and symptoms
Kidney failure
Risk of blood clots

23. Risk factors
Age, sex :
Although nephrotic syndrome can affect people of any age, it's
usually first diagnosed in children aged between 2 and 5 years
old. It affects more boys than girls. Around 1 in every 50,000
children are diagnosed with the condition each year.

24. Risk factors
Pre existance renal disease
Specific disease (Diabetes mellitus, proteinuria, nephrosis )
Dehydration and volume depletion
Sepsis
Shock
Renal transplantation

25. Diagnosis
Urine test :
A urine analysis can reveal abnormalities in your urine such
as large amounts of protein you might be asked to collect
urine samples over 24 hours.

26. Blood test
A blood test can show low levels of the protein albumin and
often decreased levels of the blood proteins overall.
Kidney biopsy : Kidney tissue collected and sent to a lab
for testing.

27. Test

28. Treatment
Blood pressure medications :
Drugs called angiotension – converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors reduce blood pressure and the
amount of protein released in urine. lisinopril (Prinivil, Qbrelis, Zestril), benazepril
(Lotensin), captopril and enalapril (Vasotec).

29. Water pills (diuretics)
Diuretic medications that may be used for patients to
reduce edema include furosemide and spironolactone.

30. Cholestrol reducing medications
Cholestrol reducing medications can reduce cholesterol and help to treat
nephrotic syndrome.atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol
XL), lovastatin (Altoprev), pravastatin (Pravachol),
rosuvastatin (Crestor, Ezallor) and simvastatin (Zocor).

31. Blood thinner
These might be prescribed to decrease your blood ability to clot especially if you’ve had a blood
clot. Patients with severe nephrotic syndrome (serum albumin <2.0 to 2.5 g/dl) should
also be considered candidates for prophylactic anticoagulation if they have other risk
factors for thrombosis.

32. Albumin treatment
Albumin infusion leads to shift in the renal blood flow autoregulation curve toward normalizations,
which resulted in a significant increase in renal blood flow,
Accordingly improve renal functions.
Intravenous infusion of albumin has been advocated as an effective method of
treating oedema resulting from nephrotic syndrome.

33. Lifestyle of home remedies
 Choose lean sources of protein plant based protein is
helpful is kidney disease.

34. Reduce the amount of fat and
cholesterol in your diet to help
control your blood cholesterol levels.

35. Eat a low – salt diet to help
control swelling.

36. Reduce the amount of liquid in
your diet.

37. Nursing management
 Control of infection in urinary tract.

38. Control of edema
judicious oral administration of loop diuretics, most often
frusemide.

39. Promotion of good nutrition

40. Solve anxiety related issue

41. Pulse and blood pressure
pressure monitoring

42. Measurements of urine input and
output

43. Refrences
https://www.medscape.com
http://emedicine.medscape.com
http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov
http://www.endocrineweb.com
http://www.mayoclinic.org