Establishing Coherence

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My Notes

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Establishing
Coherence in
Literature Review
In writing a coherent literature
review, the following pointers are
suggested:
• The information gathered must be
categorized.
• Each group of information must be
described by a general idea or topic
• The general ideas must be
structured to support the research
problem.
• The literature review must be
written to form a body of
knowledge. my text.

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A research framework is a skeletal,
or structural, frame composed of
theories, concepts, ideas, or
variables that guide the researcher in
the conduct of a study. It is usually
required in the social sciences, but
seldom needed in the natural
sciences.
Constructing an Effective
Research Framework
How does a
theoretical
framework differ
from a conceptual
framework?
10/06/2020

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The research framework
provides the conceptual
d e fi n i t i o n s o f t h e
variables that are most
appropriate to the context
of the present research
The methods used
to quantify variables
and the approach in
e x p l a i n i n g a n d
interpreting data to
be gathered is also
s t a t e d i n t h e
framework.

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A research framework is
like a road map, or an
itinerary, when planning
a vacation or a journey
t o a n u n f a m i l i a r
destination (Sinclair,
2007).
To better
understand the
concept of a
research
framework, one
may consider this
analogy:

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Travelers usually
seek as much as
i n f o r m a t i o n a s
possible about the
best way to reach
particular places to
s a v e t i m e a n d
resources.
Some more text here.
IMPORTA
NT!

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S o m e q u a l i t a t i v e
research studies do not
have a framework.
However, in quantitative
studies, a research
framework is expected.
Here goes your title.
A research framework
may take two forms:
1. the theoretical
framework and
2.the conceptual
framework.

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Frameworks serve
same functions…
But they differ in
terms of nature
and development.
P r i m a r i l y, t h e t h e o r e t i c a l
framework is based on a specific
theory or theories that are related,
whereas the conceptual framework
discusses the relationship among
the variables in the study based on
several theories. As for their
development, the theoretical
framework adopts the deductive
approach, where the conceptual
framework adopts the inductive
approach.

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Theoretical Framework
A t h e o r e t i c a l
framework is a structure
of ideas or variables
based on a deconstructed
theory that serves as a
guide map for the
research.
W i t h a c l e a r
understanding of the
c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e
guiding theory, the
researcher may now
select and restructure the
v a r i a b l e s a n d
relationships that are
d e e m e d t o p r o v i d e
support to the research.

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Conceptual
Framework
A conceptual framework
is a research structure
composed of concepts, or
constructs, borrowed from
d i f f e r e n t t h e o r i e s o r
theoretical perspective. These
borrowed concepts are then
arranged, forming a structure,
or a framework, that will
support the conduct of the
research.

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Definition of Terms
Conceptual Definitions
a r e a c a d e m i c o r
universal meanings and
ideas given by experts.
They are usually abstract
and similar to those
found in the dictionary.
Operational definitions,
meanwhile, are functional
and tangible ideas about
the concept and are given
b y r e s e a r c h e r s .
Operational definitions
refer to how the variables
o r c o n c e p t s a r e
contextualized, measure,
or quantified in the study.

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MISCONCEPTION ALERT!!!
Many researchers write null
hypotheses in their research report.
This is a misconception, especially if
the literature review does not support
these predictions. Hypotheses must
result from a thorough review of
related literature. Null hypotheses are
primarily used in the statistical
processing of data.
Research Hypotheses
H y p o t h e s i s , t h e
educated tentative
a n s w e r s t o
problems, must be
b a s e d o n t h e
literature review in
the context of the
present manner.

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Hypotheses are of two
types:
1. null and
2. alternative.
Hypotheses can
also be stated in :
1. a directional or
2.a nondirectional
manner.

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Types of Hypothesis Statements
Directional and
Null Hypothesis
Students academic performance in
mathematics is lower than or equal to their
academic performance in science.
Students’ academic performance in
mathematics is greater than or equal to
their academic performance in science.
Directional and
Alternative hypothesis
Students academically
perform better in math
then they do in science.
Students academically
perform better in science
than they do in math.

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Nondirectional and Null
Hypothesis
There is no significant
relationship between
students’ performance in
mathematics and that in
science.
Nondirectional and
Alternative
Hypothesis
There is a significant
relationship between
students’ performance
in mathematics and that
in science.

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Characteristics of
Good Hypotheses
• A good hypothesis
must be
reasonable.
• A good hypothesis
must be testable.
• A good hypothesis
must be scientific.

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The literature review
involves a critical
analysis of previously
conducted research
undertakings. It anchors
the present study to
existing theories and
past studies.
The literature reviews has several
functions in research.
It (a)refines the research problems,
(b) develops the theoretical or conceptual
framework, (
c) establishes the significance of the study,
(d) identifies appropriate methodology,
(e) formulate a research hypothesis, and
(f) provides possible explanations to the
findings.

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In surveying related literature, the following steps
may be used:
(a) selecting a topic and identifying key terms,
(b) choosing a database,
(c) conducting a literature search using key terms,
(d) recognizing primary and secondary sources,
and
(e) analyzing and summarizing the sources of
information.
To establish coherence in the literature
review, these pointers may be
followed:
• The information gathered must be
categorized.
• Each group of information must be
described by a general idea or topic.
• The general ideas must be structured
to support the research problem.
• The literature review must be
written to form a body of
knowledge.

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A research framework is a
skeletal, o structural,
frame composed of
theories, concepts,
ideas, or variables in the
context of research that
guide the researcher in
the conduct of the study.
A theoretical framework is a
structure of ideas or variables
based on a deconstructed
theory and serves as a guide
map for the research.
A conceptual framework is a
research structure composed
of concepts or constructs
borrowed from different
theories or theoretical
perspective.

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H y p o t h e s i s , t h e
educated tentative
answers to problems,
must be based on the
literature review in
the context of the
present manner.
Hypotheses are of two
t y p e s : n u l l a n d
alternative.
Hypotheses can also be
stated in a directional
or a nondirectional
manner.

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Good research hypotheses
h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g
characteristics:
(a) reasonable,
(b) testable, and
(c) scientific.
Hypotheses provide the
researcher with a
good mind-set at the
start of the research,
organize the steps of
the study, and help in
p r e s e n t i n g ,
a n a l y z i n g a n d
interpreting the data.

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