12357 Studentworkbook v4 sample

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12357v4 Student Workbook 2016
© Education Resource Services, Box 55103, Eastridge, Auckland.
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Unit Standard 12357
Demonstrate knowledge of human sexuality
Version 4
Level 1
4 Credits
Image created at Wordle.net
Student Workbook
Student Name _____________________________________

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Unit Standard 12357
Demonstrate knowledge of human sexuality (Version 4)
Results:
Outcome 1 Describe human sexuality.
1.1 
Description identifies aspects of sexual anatomy and physiology, including sexual
response, and identifies physical and emotional aspects of sexuality, including desire and
arousal.
1.2 
Description provides an overview of the human reproductive process.
Range -
 conception
 gestation
 birth
1.3  Description identifies diverse attitudes and values towards sexual expression.
1.4 
Description identifies sexual identities, orientations, and behaviours.
Range – may include but are not limited to
 heterosexual
 homosexual (gay and lesbian)
 transgender
 bisexual
1.5 
Description identifies pressures, influences, and social expectations concerning sexuality.
Range

pressures –
may include but are not limited to pressures related to sexual activity and/or abstinence;
 influences – may include but are not limited to
 social
 media
 cultural
 legal
 religious
social expectations –
may include but are not limited to social expectations in relation to
 gender roles and
 heterosexism.
Outcome 2 Describe choices and implications in relation to sexual expression.
2.1 Description identifies potential consequences of sexual expression for,
 personal and social relationships,
 emotional wellbeing and
 physical wellbeing.
2.2 
Description identifies options, and the implications of these options, following pregnancy.
Range -
 continue the pregnancy
 leading to parenting the child
 or adoption
 or co-guardianship
 terminate the pregnancy

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2.3 
Description identifies legal parameters within which sexual choice may be exercised.
Range may include but is not limited to –
 consent
 age of consent
 access to contraception
 incest
2.4 
Description outlines strategies for communicating and asserting choices in terms of sexual
expression, without infringing the rights of others.
2.5 
Description identifies the implications of choices in terms of sexual behaviour.
Range may include but are not limited to –
 masturbation
 vaginal sex
 anal sex
 oral sex
 abstinence
Outcome 3 Describe factors that contribute to safe sex.
3.1 
Description identifies personal and interpersonal factors that contribute to a safe sexual
relationship.
Range may include but is not limited to –
 trust
 communication
 openness
 honesty
 self-esteem
 power balance
 respect
 mutual consent
3.2 
Description indicates an awareness of strategies for negotiating with a partner about safer
sex.
Range strategies include but are not limited to –
 assertiveness
 resisting pressure
 mutual consent
3.3 
Description identifies sexually transmissible infections and identifies sources of assistance
for advice and/or treatment.
3.4 
Practices are described that reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy and sexually
transmissible infections, including HIV.
Range practices include but are not limited to –
 use of condoms
 abstinence
 non-penetrative sexual behaviour
 having a sexual health check
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016

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Describing human sexuality.
Sexual arousal
This is the medical term for being “turned on”. There are four stages of sexual
response in both men and women:
 arousal,
 plateau,
 orgasm and
 resolution.
Unlike many other animals, humans do not have a mating season, and both sexes
are potentially capable of sexual arousal throughout the year.
A person can be sexually aroused by a variety of factors, both physical and mental.
These can be classified according to the sense involved: touch, visual, and smell. A
person may be sexually aroused by another person or by particular aspects of that
person or by a non-human object.
Sexual arousal may be assisted by a romantic setting, music or other soothing
situation. The potential stimuli for sexual arousal vary from person to person and from
one time to another, as does the level of arousal.
The welcome physical stimulation of an erogenous zone or acts of foreplay can result
in arousal, especially if it is accompanied with the anticipation of imminent sexual
activity.

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In the photos below choose the correct factor from touch, visual, and smell.

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Sexual arousal in Men
Stage 1
When a man is sexually aroused or “turned on” more blood flows into the spongy
areas that run along the length of his penis. The skin is loose and mobile, allowing his
penis to grow and become erect. His scrotum becomes tighter, and his testicles are
drawn up towards the body. A man can get an erection through physical or
psychological stimulation, or both.
Stage 2
The glans which forms the head of his penis gets wider and the blood vessels in and
around the penis fill with blood. This causes the colour to deepen and his testicles to
grow up to 50% larger.
At the same time his heart rate increases, blood pressure rises, and his breathing
becomes quicker. As his testicles continue to rise a warm feeling around the
perineum (area between the testicles and anus) develops and his thighs and buttocks
tighten.
Stage 3
A series of contractions in the pelvic floor muscles, the vas deferens (tube that carries
sperm from the testicles to the penis), the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland
force semen into the urethra. Semen is a mix of sperm (5%) from the testicles and
fluid (95%) from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland.
Contractions of the prostate gland and the pelvic floor muscles then lead to
ejaculation, forcing semen out of the penis. These contractions are part of orgasm,
when the man reaches a point where he can’t stop ejaculation from happening.
Stage 4
After ejaculation the man has a recovery phase, when the penis and testicles shrink
back to their normal size. He is breathing heavily and fast, his heart is beating rapidly,
and he might be sweating. During recovery his heart rate and breathing will return to
normal.

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The sexual anatomy of the male reproductive system contains these parts:
 testes
 glands
 sperm ducts
 urethra
 penis
Testes
The two testes (one of them is called a testis) are contained in a bag of skin called the
scrotum. They have two functions:
 to produce millions of male sex cells called sperm
 to make male sex hormones, which affect the way a man's body develops.
Sperm duct and glands
The sperm pass through the sperm ducts, and mix with fluids produced by the
prostate gland. The fluids provide the sperm cells with nutrients. The mixture of sperm
and fluids is called semen.
Penis and urethra
The penis has two functions:
 to pass urine out of the man's body when flaccid
 to pass semen out of the body during sexual activity when aroused and erect.
The urethra is the tube inside the penis that can carry urine or semen. A ring of
muscle makes sure that there is no chance of urine and semen getting mixed up.
When a man is sexually aroused the penis becomes erect (standing up) and
becomes hard.

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Sperm Duct
Bladder
Glands
Glands
Testes
Testes
Penis
Urethra
Penis
Urethra
Glans

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The sexual anatomy of the female reproductive system contains these parts:
 ovaries
 fallopian tubes
 uterus
 cervix
 vagina.
Ovaries
The two ovaries on either side of the body contain hundreds of undeveloped female
sex cells called egg cells or ova. Unlike men who produce new sperm continually,
women have these cells in their bodies from birth.
Fallopian tubes
Each ovary is connected to the uterus by an egg tube called an oviduct or Fallopian
tube. Every month, an egg develops and becomes mature, and is released from an
ovary. The egg is moved along the fallopian tube into the uterus by tiny hairs called
cilia which line the walls of the fallopian tubes.
Uterus and cervix
The uterus is a muscular bag with a soft lining where a baby develops until it is born.
The uterus is most commonly called the womb. The ring of muscle at the lower end of
the uterus, called the cervix, keeps the baby in place while the woman is pregnant.
Vagina
The vagina is a muscular tube that leads from the outside of the woman's body to the
cervix. A man's penis goes into the woman's vagina during sexual intercourse. The
opening to the vagina has folds of skin called labia that meet to form a vulva. The
urethra also opens into the vulva, but it is separate from the vagina, and is used for
passing urine from the body.

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Sexual arousal in Women
Stage 1
When a woman becomes aroused, the blood vessels in her genitals widen. This
causes increased blood flow in the vaginal walls, resulting in fluid passing through
them. This makes the vagina wet and is the main source of lubrication
Her external genitalia become swollen due to the increased blood supply. Inside her
body, the top of the vagina expands.
Her pulse and breathing quicken, and her blood pressure rises. Often women become
flushed, especially on her chest and neck, due to her blood vessels dilating.
Stage 2
When the blood flow to the lower third of the vagina reaches its limit it causes the
lower area of the vagina to become swollen and firm. The woman’s breasts may
increase in size by up to 25%.
Stage 3
Not all women have an orgasm every time they have sex. Orgasm in women is the
intense and pleasurable release of sexual tension that has built up in the earlier
stages, culminating in contractions of the genital muscles
Foreplay is an important role in orgasm occurring in most women. It can include
stroking erogenous zones and touching the genitals.
Stage 4
The woman's body slowly returns to its normal state. Swelling reduces, and breathing
and heart rate slow down.

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Ovaries
Vagina
Bladder
Cervix
Fallopian Tube
Urethra
Anus
Vagina
Cervix
Fallopian Tube
Uterus
Ovary

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The human reproductive process.
A woman’s ovaries contain
hundreds of eggs. Each
month after puberty ovulation
occurs and an egg leaves the
ovary and moves along the
fallopian tube and into the
uterus.
During sexual intercourse the
man's penis releases semen
into the woman's vagina.
Sperm cells travel in semen
from the penis and into the
top of the vagina. They enter
the uterus through the cervix
and travel to the fallopian
tubes. If a sperm cell meets
with an egg cell there,
fertilisation can happen.
The term conception is used
to describe the moment when
an egg cell meets with a
sperm cell and joins with it.
The fertilised egg divides to
form a ball of cells called an
embryo. This attaches to the
lining of the uterus and begins
to develop into a foetus and
finally a baby.

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The gestation period for a human is 9 months or 36
weeks. This is how long it takes a baby to fully
develop from conception.
If a baby is born before the full 36 weeks the baby is
deemed to be premature. Although premature
babies often survive, with good care and attention, it
is better that the baby reaches full term before being
delivered.
When the baby is ready to be
born. The cervix relaxes and
muscles in the wall of the
uterus contract, pushing the
baby out of the mother's body
through the vagina.

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Diverse attitudes and values towards sexual expression.
The way people express their sexuality can provoke a range of opinion. Some people
are very reserved and do not wish to see any expression of sexuality. Other people
have a much more liberal view. This can vary according to both age and culture.
In New Zealand it is generally acceptable for a man and a woman to hold hands in
public and publicly kiss when greeting or saying goodbye to a friend. In some
cultures this would be unacceptable or would make people feel uncomfortable or
awkward.
Same sex couples holding hands in public and publicly kissing when greeting or
saying goodbye to each other would be less well received. Many people view same
sex relationships as wrong or even sinful. Despite many people being homophobic,
having a dislike for gay or lesbian people, it is not illegal to be gay or lesbian in New
Zealand. It is illegal to discriminate against anyone on the grounds of their sexual
orientation.
What people dislike is overt public displays of affection. This is behavior which
should only occur in the private. Passionate and extensive hugging or kissing is not
appropriate in a public place and if it goes further than this can be against the law as
well as being socially unacceptable.

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Diverse attitudes and values towards sexual expression.
In New Zealand people have many different attitudes and values towards sexual
expression. In the spaces below describe two different attitudes and values. Then
describe the people who have this view.
Attitude towards sexual expression Number 1
Who has this point of view?
Attitude towards sexual expression Number 2
Who has this point of view?

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Sexual orientations, identities, and behaviours.
Sexual orientation
Sexual orientation refers to the sex or genders of people that a person is sexually and
emotionally attracted to. People do not choose their sexual orientation – it is simply
part of who they are.
The most commonly discussed sexual orientations are:
Heterosexual someone who is attracted to the opposite sex.
Homosexual someone who is attracted to people of the same sex.
Bisexual someone who is attracted to people of both sexes.
Transgender someone who feels that the sex they were assigned at birth is a
false or incomplete description of themselves.
A heterosexual is often described as straight. A homosexual will usually refer to
themselves as gay if they are a man or lesbian if a woman. A bisexual may choose to
abbreviate their sexual orientation to simple bi.
The term transgender is used by different groups in different ways. Often
transgendered people feel that they are a man in a woman’s body or vice versa.
Transgendered people may or may not use some form of medical intervention to
better align their physical sex with their gender identity. They include but are not
limited to hormone treatment and surgeries, such as mastectomy (breast removal)
and genital reconstruction. Often trans gendered people will cross dress i.e. wearing
the clothes of a woman if a man.
Pacific gender identities
Because gender is not concrete and fixed, cultures express gender in different ways.
In the Pacific there is strong tradition of third gender peoples. Some of the terms used
to describe these third genders are:
 whakawahine (New Zealand Māori)
 fa'afafine (Samoan)
 fakaleiti (Tongan)
 mahu wahine (Hawaiian)
 mahu vahine (Tahitian)
 akava'ine (Cook Islands Māori).
 vaka sa lewa lewa (Fiji)
 rae rae (Tahiti)
 fiafifine (Niue).
Although there are other slang terms for people’s sexual orientations these are best
avoided as they can be hurtful and cause offence.

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Sexual identity
Sexual identity is who we think we are sexually or romantically attracted to. A
person’s sexual identity may be very different to their sexual orientation.
Many people do not feel comfortable or safe openly acknowledging their same-sex
attractions and so present themselves as heterosexual in their interactions with
others. Even private sexual identity can differ from sexual orientation or attractions.
Many people who experience same-sex attraction and/or have sexual contact with
others of the same sex do not see themselves as homosexual or bisexual.
Sexual behaviour
Sexual behaviour refers to our sexual contacts or actions. It is important to realise
that a person’s sexual orientation may not fit perfectly with their sexual behaviour
(what they do sexually).
There are many factors that shape or determine how we behave sexually, and sexual
orientation is only one of those factors. Sexual orientation is who we are attracted to.
Sexual behaviour is what we do.
Gay & Lesbian sex
Even though many people disapprove of it, gay and lesbian sex is legal providing
both people willingly consent and are aged 16 or older. Despite many people being
homophobic, having a dislike for gay or lesbian people
It is illegal to discriminate against anyone on the grounds of their sexual orientation.
So whether you are lesbian, gay, bisexual or heterosexual you should be treated
equally and with respect.
As a young person who is gay, lesbian or bisexual, you have the right to get non-
judgmental information about sexuality, contraception and safe-sex practices.
For more information, or to make a complaint you can contact the Human Rights
Commission toll-free on 0800 496 877, or email them at infoline@hrc.co.nz.
You can also contact your local gay/lesbian helpline; see the front pages of your
phonebook under personal Help services.

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Pressures, influences, and social expectations concerning sexuality.
Sexual behaviour and orientation
There are many different things that shape how we behave sexually such as:
 Peer pressure
 Family expectations
 What is considered okay in our community
 Cultural or religious beliefs
 Curiosity about a person or about a type of behaviour.
Lots of people don’t feel like they fit neatly or comfortably into a box. How we feel can
be complicated and often it’s not clear or easy. It is important for people to figure out
what feels right for them.
Sexual orientation can be fluid. How we feel and who we are attracted to can change
over time. Some people take a while to figure out how they feel. That doesn’t mean
that someone “grows out of” their sexuality or that one set of feelings was a stage, it
just means people change sometimes.
Relationships – straight, gay, bi, queer, whatever – are more than about sexual
activity. People in same-sex relationships also value intimacy, and feelings of
connection and love, just like people in opposite sex (“straight”) relationships.
Pressures
As a young person you get pressure in both directions. Pressure to have sex and
pressure not to have or abstain from sexual activity. There is also the pressure from
parents to be straight and give them grandchildren although society is more accepting
nowadays.
Abstinence
Abstinence is not having sex. A person who decides to practice abstinence has
chosen not to have sex. Many religions promote abstinence before marriage and
there are good reasons for abstaining.
Abstinence is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy. Although many birth control
methods can have high rates of success if used properly, they can fail occasionally.
Practicing abstinence ensures that a girl won't become pregnant because there's no
opportunity for sperm to fertilize an egg.
Abstinence also greatly reduces the risk of attracting STIs. Some STIs such as
genital warts and herpes can still be spread through oral-genital sex, anal sex, or
even intimate skin-to-skin contact without actual penetration. Avoiding all types of
intimate genital contact — including anal and oral sex — is complete abstinence and
will protect you from STIs.
Not having sex may seem easy to do because it's not doing anything. But peer
pressure and things you see on TV and in the movies can make the decision to
practice abstinence more difficult.

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What is peer pressure?
Peer pressure is the pressure that your friends and the people you know, put on you
to do something you don’t want to do (or don’t feel ready to do), such as have sex.
There are different types of peer pressure:
 obvious peer pressure, such as: “Everyone’s doing it, so should you”
 underhand peer pressure, such as: “You’re a virgin, you wouldn’t understand”
 controlling peer pressure, such as: “You would do it if you loved me”
Pressure from parents
Young people with Christian parents are more likely to abstain from sex for fear of
what their parents would think than teens with nonreligious parents. Many young
people fear what people would think of them if they knew they were having sex. This
is especially true for girls who fear a loss in their reputation if it became known that
they were having sex. Many girls fear being labelled as “easy” or promiscuous
although it is less true for boys. However gaining a reputation for sleeping around
can make lasting relationships difficult.
Good reasons to wait until you're ready
The pressure that your friends put on you is worse than the pressure you put on
yourself. Often your friends will exaggerate to make themselves look more
experienced than you. Rushing into sex just to impress your friends or partner could
leave you feeling like a fool because you didn’t make your own decision.
It might help you to remember that:
 not everything you hear is true.
 being in love or fancying someone doesn’t mean that you have to have sex
 not having sex is not a sign that you’re immature
 saying no to sex is not bad for anyone’s health
Being your own person and being discrete in your relationships will earn you respect.
Boasting about your sexual activities and doing what other people want will lose their
respect and friendship.
Making your own decision
Having sex will not make your boyfriend or girlfriend like you more or stay with you. If
that’s all they are after they are not worth it. Your first time is important, so make sure
you think about it carefully before you do something you may regret later.
If you are pressurised into having sex you are less likely to enjoy it and more likely to
forget to use a condom to protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections and
contraceptives to avoid pregnancy.
It is important not to do something before you’re ready to do just to please other
people.

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How to standing up to the pressure
Standing up to peer pressure
means deciding whether to go
along with everyone else or make
your own decisions.
It can be really hard to deal with.
This exercise should help you.
Match what they say to the
response you could make to
resist peer pressure.
They say You could say
"You haven’t had sex
because no one fancies
you."
"As if waiting for the right person means
anything about my sexuality. Gay and
straight people can wait for the right
person" or "So what if I am?"
"We’ve all done it loads of
times."
"I haven’t had sex because I’m not
afraid of saying no" or "I’m waiting for
the right person".
"You’ll get dumped if you
don’t do it soon."
"Waiting for the right person makes me
smart, not frigid."
"You must be gay." "We like each other for more than just
sex."
"You’ll get a reputation for
being frigid."
"And Santa really climbs down the
chimney every year."

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Social expectations
Society expects you to behave in certain ways. Describe what the social
expectations are in relation to gender roles and heterosexism.
How are boys expected to behave?
How are girls expected to behave?
How are boys and girls expected in relation to heterosexism?

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Things you need to ask yourself if you're thinking about having sex.
A couple can still have a relationship without having sex. If you've made a decision
not to have sex, it's an important personal choice and the people who care about you
should respect that. You need to have the confidence to work out how you want to
respond if sex comes up, and how far to go.
Ask yourself
 Do you feel comfortable?
 Is it the right time?
 Is this the right place?
 Am I with the right person?
 Do I really trust the person?
 Do you feel the same way about one another?
 Have we talked about using condoms, and was the talk OK?
 Have we got contraception organised to protect against pregnancy?
 Do I feel able to say ‘no’ at any point if I change my mind, and will we both be
OK with that?
Providing you answer yes to all these questions, the time may be right.
However if you answer yes to any of the following questions, it might be a good idea
to wait:
 Do I feel under pressure from anyone, such as my partner or friends?
 Could I have any regrets afterwards?
 Am I thinking about having sex just to impress my friends or keep up with
them?
 Am I thinking about having sex in order to keep my partner?
Just because you are in a relationship doesn’t mean you have to have sex. Just
because you’ve done it once or twice before doesn’t mean you have to carry on. You
must make sure that your boyfriend or girlfriend is as keen as you each time.

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Sex can be great when both people like each other and feel ready.
Don’t let anyone tell you otherwise a heart full of love and a big smile, romance can
bring some positive health benefits.
Hugging helps keep tension away
Medical researchers have found that just
holding hands and hugging someone special
can lower blood pressure, lower blood pressure
and bring healthier reactions to subsequent
stress, such as public speaking.
Sex is good for your heart
Sexual arousal makes your heart beat faster
and the number of beats per minute reaches its
peak during orgasm. Any activity that
exercises your heart is good for you, including
sex. But the benefit of having sex is only the
same as light exercise, such as walking up a
flight of stairs. That's not enough to keep most
people fit and healthy.
Sex can reduce stress
Studies have shown that couples who have sex
had lower stress levels. It doesn't have to be
penetrative sex; intimacy or orgasm without
penetration helps them feel relaxed, in the
same way exercise or meditation does. It's
whatever works for you.
Love & Sex can keep you healthy
People who are in a close relationship or
married are more likely to say they felt in ‘very
good’ or ‘excellent’ health than just ‘good’ or
‘poor’. It seems that emotional and social
support can boost our sense of wellbeing. Men
who feel ‘loved and supported’ by their partner
have been found to have a reduced risk of
heart disease.

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So what if you are single?
Spending time with friends is good for your
health
You don’t have to be having sex with your friends to
gain health benefits from the friendship. It is healthy
to have friends of the opposite sex that you feel
emotionally attached and supported by - even if you
have no intention of ever being interested in them
sexually.
You don’t have to have sex to be healthy
Many people choose for whatever reason not to have
sex. Obvious examples are catholic nuns and priests
who choose for religious regions not to marry or have
sex. What is important is to feel loved and to have strong
friendships rather than living life alone. Being mentally
stimulated through education and an interesting job are
also important.
Choosing to have sex with a partner can have many consequences.
If you embark upon a heterosexual relationship you may find
that your friends of the same gender consider you to be no
longer interested in being their friend. This may be as a result of
jealousy.
For whatever reason you may find that you are no longer viewed
as being an individual but as part of a couple. You may be
teased as being hen pecked by your girlfriend or under your
boyfriend’s thumb only doing what they say or want to do.
You and your partner’s parents may also react to the relationship. Some parents may
welcome the relationship and see it as part of your growing up. Other parents may be
bitterly opposed to it. They may think you are too young, they may not approve of
your choice of partner and fear that you may have an unwanted pregnancy or
contract an STI. Many parents may have regrets about their sexual history and seek
to avoid you making the mistakes that they made. At the other extreme some parents
may really like your partner and wish to see you take the relationship seriously.
Before you know it you’ll be married off in their eyes and what started as a casual
relationship has become way more serious than you ever intended.

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Despite more enlightened times there are still huge
consequences to be considered before “coming out”
or announcing that you are a homosexual. Coming
out can be just as challenging to yourself as to others.
Choose your time carefully – it is never a good time to
do so during an argument. Think about what may be
happening in the other person’s life at that time. Are
they in the right frame of mind to listen to you and take
what you say seriously? Is it safe? Are they too
stressed to be able to help you?
Often things don’t go according to plan but don’t blame yourself if you find things
difficult. Get support from others, talk to someone you can trust.
Coming out shouldn’t mean that you have to change anything (other than pretending
to be straight). You are in charge of your appearance, behaviour and thoughts - you
may choose to change or you may not. It is not necessary to change to fit other
people’s expectations.
There are many benefits from being ‘out’. Often people who have come out find that
their confidence is boosted and that they gain a sense of freedom. Frequently they
gain respect from others, fulfillment of self-expression and a deepening of
relationships.
However not everyone is so open minded and some people will react in a negative
way to you coming out. This is something that anyone who is considering coming out
should consider and only come out when they fell it is the right time and that they are
ready to cope with it.

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Pregnancy; Options, and the Implications of These Options
Every time you have sex with another person there is a risk of pregnancy. No matter
how careful you are no contraception is 100% safe. Every year couples young and
old get caught out and are faced with the dilemma of an unplanned pregnancy. As a
couple you have a number of options.
There are no laws about when you can or can't become pregnant, although there are
laws about the ages at which young people can have sex.
If you become pregnant, it's up to you to decide what you'll do. You can choose -
 Termination (abortion)
 keeping the baby and parenting the child
 having the baby adopted
 having foster parents care for the baby
Where can you get help to decide what to do?
There are lots of people who can help you decide what's right for you. You canget
help from your local Family Planning clinic, Youthline, youth health centres, Maori
health and counselling services, or counsellors at abortion clinics or public hospitals.
It would also be sensible to discuss your pregnancy with family, whanau and your
very close friends.
www.familyplanning.org.nz www.theword.org.nz www.youthline.co.nz
Unplanned
Pregnancy
Continue
the
pregnancy
Parenting
the child
Adoption Co-guardianship
Termination

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Do you have to pay for visits to the doctor while you’re pregnant?
Visits to the doctor or midwife while you’re pregnant, and
your care when the baby is born - is all free. Once the
baby is born you can get free advice about looking after
the baby from Plunket or the District Nurse (Community
Nurse). www.plunket.org.nz
Are you entitled to a welfare benefit?
If you fall pregnant while still studying you may not have a source of income to
support you and the baby. If you are 18 or older; or 16 or 17 and not living with a
partner; or 16 or 17 with a partner and dependent children you may qualify for a
Sickness Benefit from when you’re 27 weeks pregnant, or earlier if you have
complications. You can continue to receive the benefit for 13 weeks after the baby is
born. After 13 weeks, you may be eligible for another benefit:
Parenting the Child
If you choose to keep your child and become its full time parent yourself. It is a great
deal of hard work bringing up a child and you choose to share the responsibility of
looking after your child with your partner or family. If you have no or little money and
are worried about finances, Work and Income New Zealand are the people you need
to contact to see if you can get an allowance or benefit.
Adoption
When you give up your child for adoption you enter into a legal
process. The rights and responsibilities of parenting are
transferred from the birth parents to the parents who are adopting
the child. Essentially they become the legal mum and dad.
There are two kinds of adoption. If you choose an open you as
birth parents and the adoptive family both agree to have continued
contact. This means that although you are no longer the legal
parent you will still get to see your child and be able to have some
say on how they are brought up. Some mothers do not wish to see
their children after they are adopted and the law allows this too.
Whatever type of adoption takes place the birth parents do have some say in who
adopts their child. The people who wish to become the adoptive parents have to fill
out an assessment profile which is given to the birth parents to read. The birth
parents will use these profiles to make their decision about who they would like to
adopt their child.
It is usual for the birthparents to meet the people who want to adopt their child. This is
a time for people to get to know each other, and decide if everyone wants to go
ahead with the adoption. If the adoption is to be an open adoption this is the time to
agree on the kind of on-going relationship you'd like to have with each other.

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Once parents reach this stage, there are consent forms and legal processes to go
through. It's a big decision and it takes time. As birth parents you will be assigned a
social worker who will be there to support you through this and keep you informed
about what's happening.
The Adoption Information Services Unit of the Child, Youth and Family Services are
the people to contact when considering any form of adoption.
Co-Guardianship
Generally a birth mother and father will be the joint guardians of a child. A child’s
mother is automatically a guardian. However, being the biological father does not
automatically make them a guardian. A father is only automatically a guardian if they
were married, in a civil union or lived with the mother when the child was conceived
and born. Otherwise they can become a guardian by applying to the family court or
being named on the birth certificate.
Co-Guardianship is another legal arrangement that a birth parent can enter into with
another in regard to the raising of their child. Guardianship is usually within families
– often if parents are very young they may ask the court to appoint a parent or
grandparent as a guardian to help them bring the child up. Parents or grandparents
of the mother or father of the new child’s parents can also apply to the court to
become guardians.
Guardians have the rights and responsibilities for bringing up a child, such as:
 Providing the child with their everyday needs; a safe home, love and attention
and organising their education.
 Helping the child grow up and develop as a person.
 Being involved with decisions such as; changes to the child’s name, where the
child lives, where they go to school, what their religion is and what medical
treatment they receive
Co-guardians have a duty to work together co-operatively and speak to each other
before they make any guardianship decisions. The best decisions made by guardians
for a child are those reached together by agreement. When guardians work together,
children are more likely to have certainty and security in their lives. When their
guardians are constantly arguing, or only one guardian is making all the decisions
children often suffer.

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Terminating the Pregnancy
If you've had unprotected sex or fear that your contraceptive may have failed you can
get the Emergency Contraceptive Pill (the ECP). You can get the "morning after pill.”
from a Family Planning clinic, your family doctor, an Accident and Medical Centre, a
Sexual Health clinic, or a pharmacy.
The ECP consists of one or two doses that must be taken within 72 hours after
unprotected sex if you don't want to get pregnant.
An IUD (Intra uterine Device) can also be used as a form of emergency
contraception. Your family doctor or doctors at a Family planning clinic are the people
to help you with this.
If you think you are pregnant the first thing to do is have a pregnancy test to confirm
this. If once your pregnancy has been confirmed you will have to make your mind up
fairly quickly if you wish to seek a termination (abortion). Pregnancies under 12
weeks may be carried out in a licensed clinic, for pregnancies over 12 weeks these
must be carried out in a licensed hospital. After 20 weeks the grounds are stricter
and it must be necessary to save the life of the woman or prevent serious permanent
injury to her physical or mental health.
To obtain an abortion a woman must have certificates from two doctors who state that
the woman meets the legal criteria for abortion.
The grounds for an abortion are
 Serious danger to life
 Serious danger to physical health
 Serious danger to mental health
 Any form of incest or sexual relations with a guardian
 Mental sub normality
 Fetal abnormality
In addition, other factors which are not grounds in themselves but which may be
taken into account are:
 Extremes of age (being very young or old)
 Sexual violation (previously rape)
If your doctor has a conscientious objection to abortion they still have an obligation to
help a woman obtain an abortion and refer the woman on for assessment if this is
requested.
There is no legal age limit on the person having the abortion so a female of any age
can consent to an abortion - or refuse to have one. Girls under 16 do not need to tell
their parents or get their permission to have an abortion. So a girl under 16 years
cannot be forced by her parents to have or not have an abortion. Likewise a man
cannot force his partner to keep a child or have an abortion because a woman does
not need the consent of her partner before having an abortion.

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Abortion is a very difficult decision and can be one that leads to regret in later life.
Many will wonder what the child may have been like – especially if they never have
children. Some people called pro-lifers consider abortion to be the murder of an
unborn child and will disapprove of those who chose termination.
It is an offence under section 44 The Contraception, Sterilisation, and Abortion Act
1977 to commit Self-abortion. So the only people that can help you obtain an
abortion are your medical professionals.

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The Law and Sex
The criminal law create various offences to do with sexual
activity. The Crimes Act 1961 creates the offences of;
 rape and other forms of sexual violation
 sex with children and young people aged under 16,
and
 some other types of sexual activity and sexual
relationships, such as incest.
The sexual offences contained in the Crimes Act are gender-neutral and can be
committed by both men and women.
Consenting to sexual activity
To consent to sex you must agree without being forced or threatened. The Crimes
Act sets out the following specific rules about what is, and what isn't, consent -
 The fact that you didn’t protest or try to resist doesn’t of itself mean that you
consented.
 It’s not consent if you allowed the activity because the other person used force
against you (or against someone else), or because they threatened to do this,
or because you were scared that they would do this.
 It's not consent if someone had sex with you while you were asleep or
unconscious, or while you were so out of it on alcohol or drugs that you weren't
capable of consenting or refusing consent.
 It's not consent if you have an intellectual or physical condition or disability that
means you're unable to consent or refuse consent.
 It’s not consent if you allowed the sexual activity because you were mistaken
about who the other person was.
 It’s not consent if you had sex because the other person threatened to make
accusations (whether true or false) that would seriously damage your
reputation or someone else’s.
 It’s not consent if the other person threatened to misuse their power over you
as, for example, your boss or supervisor.
Communicating and asserting choices in terms of sexual expression, without
infringing the rights of others.
The most important thing to do is to make it clear that you are not interested and to
say a clear no. Make sure that you do not lead people on by giving them mixed
messages. If you are not interested say no loud and clear and that way no-one can
misunderstand you. This may seem cruel but in the long run it can save a lot of
misunderstanding and embarrassment through unwelcome approaches and possibly
unwelcome attempts at intimacy.

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Age of consent
In general you have to be aged 16 or over to consent to have sex with another
person. There is no difference between your sexual orientation.
Sex with children aged under 12
It's a criminal offence for a person to have sex or commit sexual acts with any child
under the age of 12. The penalty for this is a prison term of up to 14 years. It's no
defence that the child consented, or that the person thought the child was 12 or older.
The child doesn't commit an offence in these cases. (children under 14 can't be
charged with criminal offences other than murder or manslaughter .) Young people
aged 14, 15 or 16 can be charged, but are dealt with by Youth Justice Family Group
Conferences and the Youth Court:
Sex with young people aged 12 to 15
It's a criminal offence for a person to have sex or commit sexual acts with a young
person under the age of 16. The penalty for this is a prison term of up to l0 years.
But it's a defence if -
 the person charged with the offence thought that the young person was 16 or
older. and
 he or she had taken "reasonable steps" beforehand to find out whether the
young person was l6 or older. and
 the young person consented.
The young person doesn't break the law if the other person is 16 or older. However,
if both people are under 16, then both can be charged with this offence, unless either
or both can take advantage of the defence explained above. Young people aged 14,
15 or 16 who break the law are dealt with by youth Justice Family Group Conferences
and the youth Court not the adult courts.

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Consent
What does consent mean?
Give four examples of behaviour which would not amount to consent.
1
2
3
4

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Access to Contraception
You can get contraception and advice about contraception at any age. Contraception
when used correctly prevents pregnancy. Although the methods may vary,
contraception prevents sperm from reaching and fertilising an egg – that’s how a
pregnancy starts. Different methods suit different people and may change depending
on their age, their health and the status of their relationship.
To get advice and obtain the right contraceptive for you, visit your Family Planning
Clinic or Doctor. These doctors and nurses will check that you understand what you
are doing and that you are not being pressured.
They will also ask you questions about you and your family’s health. They will not tell
your parents and are not being nosy. They just need to know the facts to work out
what will be safest for you.
The facts about getting pregnant
 You can get pregnant the first time you have sex.
 You can get pregnant if you have sex while you have your period.
 You can get pregnant even if you have sex standing up.
 Washing or squirting things into the vagina (sometimes called douching) will
not stop you getting pregnant.
 You can get pregnant if you have sex in the water.
 You can get pregnant if the man pulls out before he ejaculates (cums).
The only way to be absolutely sure you won’t/don’t get pregnant is not to have sex.

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Incest
lncest is the name given to the criminal offence which is committed when people who
are closely related to each other have sexual relationships.
It is incest if any of the following family members has sex with you -
 a parent
 a brother or sister or half-brother or half-sister or
 a grandparent
Sex with a dependent family member
It is also an offence for a man or woman to have sex, or attempt to have sex, with a
dependent family member under the age of 18. It’s irrelevant whether or not the child
or young person consented to this.
This offence covers a wide range of family relationships. The adult could be, for
example, your parent, step-parent, grandparent or foster parent; or any adult member
of your extended family or whanau who has some role in your care or upbringing; or
any other adult with whom you’re living who has power or authority over you and a
role in your care or upbringing

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Age of consent
At what age do you have to be to consent to sexual acts?
What offences can be committed when one or both of the people are under this age
What possible defence is there?

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Choices of Sexual Behaviour and Their Implications
Masturbation - this is the sexual stimulation of one's own genitals, usually to the
point of orgasm. The stimulation can be performed using the hands, fingers, or sex
toys. Although it is often not spoken about or admitted to masturbation is perfectly
normal behaviour and is popular for all ages and for both men and women. Mutual
masturbation, which is masturbation with a partner, can take the form of non-
penetrative sex. Despite rumours masturbation does not make you go blind but
instead releases the same endorphins (the pleasure hormones) in the brain as having
penetrative sex. It is less likely to lead to pregnancy and the spread of STIs - but as
soon as you start touching each other - with your mouths, your genitals or even your
hands - you're at risk for spreading semen and diseases.
Vaginal Sex - this is the insertion of the man’s penis into the vagina. It can lead to
pregnancy without the use of contraception. It can lead to the spread of STIs if a
condom is not used and either of the parties have an STI.
Anal Sex - this is any type of sex that involves penetrating someone's anus. It carries
some of the same physical and emotional risks as any other kind of sex. Anal sex is
not just practiced by gay people; heterosexual couples can have it, too. Having anal
sex doesn't say or mean anything about your sexual orientation. Although unlikely to
result in pregnancy it can lead to the spread of STIs if a condom is not used.
Oral Sex - this is using the mouth or tongue on another person’s genitals or anus for
sexual pleasure. It can lead to the spread of STIs if a condom is not used on the
man’s penis or if direct skin contact is made with an infected partner.
Abstinence - this is the only 100% sure way to avoid pregnancy. It can be a very
good decision if you are not ready to have sex with your partner and could avoid you
having sex and then regretting it later.

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Safe Sex.
Personal and Interpersonal Factors that Contribute to a Safe Sexual
Relationship.

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Trust
Whenever you have sex with another person you run the risk of pregnancy and
catching STIs. You must trust the person that you are going to have sex with and
trust them to only do what you are happy to do and not do anything you do not want
to do. An unplanned pregnancy or catching an STI could have lifelong consequences
upon you and your partner.
Communication
The way to avoid any misunderstandings is to talk to your partner at length prior to
having sex. If you are able to talk to each other it is more likely that any
misunderstandings can be avoided. If you and your partner are not able to talk to
each other about sex it is probably an indication that you are not ready or unsuited for
each other. Both of these would be a good reason to wait before having sex.
Openness
It is impossible to tell each other everything no matter how embarrassing this may be.
If you have certain sexual preferences or particular dislikes it is important that your
partner knows. Likewise if you have or are suffering from an STI you must tell your
partner so that they can make an informed decision about how to proceed with the
relationship.
Honesty
This is related to openness and means that you tell the truth to your partner. You
must also tell the truth to any doctor or nurse you see in the course of obtaining
advice about contraception at a family planning clinic or doctors surgery. It is only by
doing so that these people can help you and you and your partner can make informed
choices about safe sex.
Self-Esteem
Having sex is supposed to be pleasurable experience for both parties. If you feel
ashamed or do not feel good about what you are doing things are not right and you
should stop. If your self-esteem is suffering because you are having sex, or the way
you are having sex, or the person you are having sex with this is wrong.
Power Balance
You should always be in an equal relationship with your sexual partner. No one
partner should dominate the relationship - both should have an equal say in what
happens and how safe sex will be practiced. It is not correct if one partner always
gets their way and seeks to dominate decision making.

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Respect
It is vitally important that you have respect for both your partner and yourself when
you have sex. The same is true for your partner - they must respect you and
themselves. Someone who has respect for themselves and others is more likely to
take care and practice safe sex that someone who does not.
Mutual Consent
Unless your partner fully consents to what they are doing with you - you are
committing a criminal offence. Consent must be freely and honestly given and not as
a result of threats or any other pressure.
Negotiating with a partner about safer sex
It is necessary to prepare yourself and develop strategies to allow you to negotiate
effectively with your partner about safe sex.
Assertiveness this involves ensuring that you speak up and make sure that your
partner knows what you are happy to do and what you do not want to do. There will
be some things that you do not like and do not want to do with your partner. Maybe
you do not want to do them yet because you are not ready. You must clearly tell your
partner about these things and stick to them.
Resisting pressure from a partner can be difficult. Do not fall into the trap of putting
yourself at risk and becoming complacent. Just because you have had sex with your
Partner a few times and practiced safe sexual practices does not mean you should be
pressurized into relaxing. Do not be persuaded to stop using condoms just because
you or your partner is using other contraceptive methods. Skin on skin contact will
always run the risk of transmission of STIs.
Mutual consent. In a relationship you need to make decisions about what you do
and do not do together. Both parties to the relationship should have an equal say and
one person should not make all the decisions on their own. If anything does go
wrong it is not fair that one person should feel that they should take all the blame or
else feel foolish for not taking an equal part in the relationship.

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Strategies for communicating and asserting choices in terms of sexual
expression, without infringing the rights of others.
How should you make it clear that you are not interested in somebody?
What should you avoid doing?

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Strategies for negotiating with a partner about safer sex.
In the spaces below describe how assertiveness, resisting pressure, mutual consent
can be effective strategies for negotiating with a partner about safer sex.
assertiveness,
resisting pressure,
mutual consent

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Describe the factors that contribute to safe sex.
Personal and interpersonal factors that contribute to a safe sexual relationship.
In the spaces below describe how trust, communication, openness, honesty, self-
esteem, power balance, respect, mutual consent contribute to a safe sexual
relationship.
trust,
communication,
openness,

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honesty,
self-esteem,
power balance,

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respect,
mutual consent

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Sexually Transmissible Infections and Sources of Assistance for Advice and
Treatment.
The best way to reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmissible
infections, including HIV, is abstinence. This means not having sex. This is why it is
important to make sure that you are ready before you have sex. Ready means that
you are emotionally and psychologically ready, you have discussed with your partner
the contraceptive method you a are going to use and how you are going to practice
safe sex.
Using a condom can protect you from both
unwanted pregnancy and Sexually
Transmissible Infections. It is important that
they are used correctly and using a
spermicidal lubricant will not only kill sperm
but make the condom less likely to tear or
break. It is a good idea for you and your
partner to practice putting on a condom - so
that there can be no mistakes when you are
using it to have sex. It is wise to use a
condom for vaginal, anal and oral sex.
Guys and girls should make sure that they always carry a condom. That way you will
always have one when you need it. They are your best insurance - and like all other
forms of insurance - it’s better to have and not need it than to need it and not have it.
Non-penetrative sexual behaviour
If you still want to have some intimate sexual contact with your partner you can take
part in non-penetrative sexual behavior where no part of your body goes inside that of
your partner. Providing you do not transfer semen from your hands or clothing this
will usually avoid the risk of pregnancy. However you can still transfer STIs whenever
there is skin on skin contact. So if you have cuts to your fingers or cold sores around
your mouth you could transfer an STI through mutual masturbation or oral sex.
Having a sexual health check.
If you have had sex with another person or are considering doing so it is good to get
both of yourselves checked out. A visit to the family planning clinic is free if you're
under 22, and only $5 if you have a community services card. The family planning
clinic can provide testing and treatment for STIs. At the same time they can give you
contraceptive advice.
Visit www.fpanz.org.nz to find a Family planning clinic in your area and to find out
about the services these clinics provide.
Normally your parents will not be told of your visit. Even if you have an STI the doctor
will not tell you parents if telling your parents would harm your health or wellbeing or
would be undesirable in the wider interests of public health. If you're under 16 and

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your parents know you have an STI, your parents are legally required to get medical
treatment for you.
If you have an STI you'll be asked to contact all the people you might have passed it
on to, as well as those you may have caught it from, so that these people can get
treatment. If you are too embarrassed or unable to the clinic will contact these people
for you. If you get a letter like this from a clinic contact or visit them straight away.
A doctor will by law inform the Ministry of Health.
 If they have been treating you for an STI and you don’t turn up for necessary
further treatment or
 If they think you've had sexual contact with others since you got the STI.
If you continue to have sex when you know you have an STI you commit a criminal
offence of knowingly infecting others. This is punishable by a fine of up to $1,000 or a
prison term of up to one year. People who knowingly infect others can also be
charged with other, more serious offences, such as criminal nuisance and causing
grievous bodily harm.
Common STIs
The most common STIs in New Zealand are
 Gonorrhoea
 Chlamydia
 Genital warts
 Crabs
 Genital herpes.
Less common, but increasing, is HIV which causes AIDS.
Sometimes, there are no symptoms of STIs. If symptoms are present, they may
include one or more of the following:
 Bumps, sores, or warts near the mouth, anus, penis, or vagina.
 Swelling or redness near the penis or vagina.
 Skin rash.
 Painful urination.
 Weight loss, loose stools, night sweats.
 Aches, pains, fever, and chills.
 Yellowing of the skin (jaundice).
 Discharge from the penis or vagina. (Vaginal discharge may have an odour.)
 Bleeding from the vagina other than during a monthly period.
 Painful sex.
 Severe itching near the penis or vagina.

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Revision
Label the two diagrams below

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Describing the human sexual anatomy and physiology in Women
Label the two diagrams below

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Sexual Stimulus
Humans are aroused by what they see, smell, touch and hear. These things can be
human or non-human. In the spaces below give an example of each of these stimuli.
Human Non-human
See
Smell
Touch
Hear

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Identifying sexually transmissible infections
In the spaces below describe four symptoms which might suggest you have and STI
1
2
3
4
Sources of assistance for advice and/or treatment.
Where could you go to get advice or help if you thought you had an STI?

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Reducing the risk of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmissible
infections, including HIV.
There are practices such as the use of condoms, abstinence, non-penetrative sexual
behaviour, having a sexual health check which can reduce the risk of unintended
pregnancy and sexually transmissible infections, including HIV.
In the spaces below describe each of these practices.
The use of condoms,
Abstinence,
Non-penetrative sexual behaviour,

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Having a sexual health check

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