- If a slow mode in a photonic crystal corresponds to a regular band edge, incident light of that frequency will be totally reflected without producing the slow mode. - Near a stationary inflection point (frozen mode regime), incident light can be linearly converted to the slow mode. - At a degenerate band edge, incident light will be totally reflected but will create a diverging frozen mode inside a finite photonic crystal slab.

1. Alex Figotin & Ilya Vitebskiy University of California at Irvine Supported by AFOSR Slow light and resonance phenomena in photonic crystals September 2005

2. What are photonic crystals? Simplest examples of periodic dielectric structures Each constitutive component is perfectly transparent, while their periodic array may not transmit E.M. waves of certain frequencies (frequency gaps). 1D periodicity 2D periodicity n 1 n 2

3. Typical k   diagram of a photonic crystal for a given direction of Bloch wave vector k Typical k   diagram of a uniform anisotropic medium for a given direction of k . 1 and 2 denote two polarizations.  ( k ) k  ( k ) k 1 1 2 2

4. Slow light in photonic crystals: stationary points of dispersion relations Every stationary point of the dispersion relation  ( k ) is associated with slow light. But there are some important differences between these cases. Fragment of dispersion relation with stationary points a , g and 0 . ω k g 0 a

5. What happens if the incident light frequency coincides with that of a slow mode? Will the incident light with the slow mode frequency  s be converted into the slow mode inside the photonic crystal, or will it be reflected back to space? The answer depends on what kind of stationary point is associated with the slow mode. Reflected wave Incident wave of frequency  s Passed slow mode Semi-infinite photonic crystal

7. Slow mode amplitude at steady-state regime Incident wave S I Reflected wave S R Lossless semi-infinite photonic slab Transmitted slow mode S T ω k g 0

8. k ω g Band edge

9. k ω 0 Stationary inflection point

10. k ω d Degenerate band edge

11. Space structure of the frozen mode Incident wave Ψ I Reflected wave Ψ R Lossless semi-infinite photonic slab Transmitted slow mode Ψ T

12. Distribution of EM field and its propagating and evanescent components inside semi-infinite slab at frequency  close (but not equal) to  0 . The amplitude of the incident light is unity !!! a) resulting field |  T ( z )| 2 = |  pr ( z ) +  ev ( z ) | 2 , b) extended Bloch component |  pr ( z ) | 2 , c) evanescent Bloch component |  ev ( z ) | 2 . As  approaches  0 , |  pr | 2 diverges as (  0   )  2/3 and the resulting field distribution |  T ( z ) | 2 is described by quadratic parabola.

13. Summary of the case of a plane EM wave incident on semi-infinite photonic crystal : - If slow mode corresponds to a regular photonic band edge , the incident light of the respective frequency is totally reflected back to space without producing the slow mode in the periodic structure. - The incident light can be linearly converted into a slow mode only in the vicinity of stationary inflection point (the frozen mode regime). - If slow mode corresponds to degenerate photonic band edge , incident light of the respective frequency is totally reflected back to space. But in a steady-state regime it creates a diverging frozen mode inside the photonic crystal.

14. The question : Can the electromagnetic dispersion relation of a periodic layered structure (1D photonic crystal) display a stationary inflection point or a degenerate band edge? In other words, can a 1D photonic crystal display the frozen mode regime? The answer is : Stationary inflection point and degenerate band edge, along with associated with them the frozen mode regime can only occur in stacks incorporating anisotropic layers.

15. Simplest periodic layered arrays supporting stationary inflection point of the dispersion relation Non-magnetic periodic stack with oblique anisotropy in the A layers Magnetic periodic stack with misaligned in-plane anisotropy in the A layers z L A B A B A B A B A B A B z y x L A 1 A 2 F

16. Simplest periodic layered array capable of supporting degenerate photonic band edge There are three layers in a unite cell L . A pair of anisotropic layers A 1 and A 2 have misaligned in-plane anisotropy. The misalignment angle must be different from 0 and π /2 . B – layers can be made of isotropic material, for example, they can be empty gaps. The k   diagram of the periodic stack is shown in the next slide. L z A 1 A 2 B A 1 A 2 B A 1 A 2 B A 1 A 2 B

17. The first band of the k   diagram of the 3-layered periodic stack for four different values of the B - layer thickness. In the case (b) the upper dispersion curve develops degenerate band edge d . In the case (d) of B - layers absent, the two intersecting dispersion curves correspond to the Bloch waves with different symmetries; the respective eigenmodes are decoupled.

18. Up to this point we considered the frozen mode regime in semi-infinite photonic crystals. How important is the thickness of the photonic slab?

19. EM field distribution inside plane-parallel photonic crystal of thickness D at the frequency ω d of degenerate band edge. The incident wave amplitude is unity. The leftmost portion of the curves is independent of the thickness D . N = 256 N = 64 Frozen mode regime in finite periodic stacks

20. Transmission band edge resonance (Fabry-Perot cavity resonance in a finite periodic stack near the edge of a transmission band) k ω g D A B A B A B A B A B A B

21. Fabry-Perot cavity resonance in finite periodic stacks: regular band edge k ω g D A B A B A B A B A B A B

22. Transmission band edge resonance: regular band edge Field intensity distribution at frequency of first transmission resonance Finite stack transmission vs. frequency

23. Fabry-Perot cavity resonance in finite periodic stacks: regular band edge vs. degenerate band edge. k ω g k ω d

24. Finite stack transmission vs. frequency Field intensity distribution at frequency of first transmission resonance Transmission band edge resonance: degenerate band edge

25. Publications [1] A. Figotin and I. Vitebsky. Nonreciprocal magnetic photonic crystals. Phys. Rev. E 63, 066609, (2001) [2] A. Figotin and I. Vitebskiy. Electromagnetic unidirectionality in magnetic photonic crystals. Phys. Rev. B 67, 165210 (2003). [3] A. Figotin and I. Vitebskiy. Oblique frozen modes in layered media. Phys. Rev. E 68, 036609 (2003). [4] J. Ballato, A. Ballato, A. Figotin, and I. Vitebskiy. Frozen light in periodic stacks of anisotropic layers. Phys. Rev. E 71, 036612 (2005). [5] A. Figotin and I. Vitebskiy. Slow light in photonic crystals. Subm. to Waves in Random and Complex Media.(arXiv:physics/0504112 v2 19 Apr 2005). [6] A. Figotin and I. Vitebskiy. Gigantic transmission band edge resonance in periodic stacks of anisotropic layers. Phys. Rev. E 72 (2005).

26. Auxiliary Slides

27. Pulse incident on a finite photonic crystal Incident pulse Photonic crystal D D Passed slow pulse Photonic crystal

28. Regular frequencies: ω < ω a : 4 ex. ω > ω g : 4 ev . (gap) ω a < ω < ω g : 2 ex. + 2 ev. ------------------------------------- Stationary points : ω = ω a : 3 ex. + 1 Floq. ω = ω g : 2 ev. + 1 ex. + 1 Floq. ω = ω 0 : 2 ex. + 2 Floq. ω = ω d : 4 Floq. (not shown) Eigenmodes composition at different frequencies k k 0  g  a  0 Dispersion relation ω ( k )

31. Transfer matrix formalism

38. Bloch eigenmodes Non-Bloch eigenmode Evanescent mode : Im k > 0 Extended mode : Im k = 0 Evanescent mode : Im k < 0 Floquet mode :  01 (z) ~ z