Small Volume Parenterals

1. Small Volume parenterals
(SVPs)
Types of Vehicles and Selection of Vehicles
Mayuri N Jagtap
Final year B Pharmacy
K.B.H.S.S. Trusts Institute of Pharmacy.

2. Aqueous vehicle
Water miscible vehicles
Types of vehicles
Non- Aqueous vehicles
Cosolvents

3. Aqueous
Vehicles

4. Aqueous vehicles
Water for Injection (WFI)
-No material is added & water
is treated by distillation or
reverse osmosis
- Used as a vehicle in
injectables
Bacteriostatic water for injection
-Used for making parenteral solutions
prepared under aseptic conditions
-It can contain added bacteriostatic
agent when it container of 30 ml or
less.
Sterile water for injection USP
-Contain one or more suitable bacteriostatic
agents
-Used for irrigation, washing wounds,
Surgical incisions or body tissues.

5. Water
miscible
vehicles

6. - Used to affect solubility of drugs and to reduce hydrolysis
Occupies some part of the vehicle and it helps in decreasing hydrolysis and to
solubilize some drugs
E.g. Ethyl alcohol, Propylene glycol

7. Non
aqueous
vehicles

8. Generally fixed oils are used as non aqueous vehicles
Occupies some part of the vehicle and it helps in decreasing hydrolysis
and to solubilize some drugs
E.g. Corn oil, Cotton seed oil, Peanut oil

9. Co-solvents

10. - used to increase stability of poorly soluble drug hey in
water and prevent drug Chemical degradation by
hydrolysis hey example prob propylene glycol hey or in
combination with ethanol and polyethylene glycol
Active ingredients
Other excipient should be pure enough to dispense them as a parenterals.
the non pyrogenic materials increase its characteristics by the end of
process.
Chemically the drug molecule should be pure and the microbes, endotoxins
should be within the limits.
Even the trace amount of impurities cause instability .

11. Selection of vehicles
Due to high dielectric constant water can be dissolve ionisable substances and due to
hydrogen bonding it can dissolve alcohol’s, aldehydes, ketones, amines etc.
For parenteral preparations WFI is the solvent of choice.
Sometimes solubilization of ingredients and for stability of a Cosolvent or solubilizing
agent may be added .
For solubilization of alkaloids, glycerine, alcohol, propylene glycol or PEG is used as a
cosolvent.

12. For drugs that degrade in water ,water is replaced by suitable solvent .
For proteins and peptides, buffers and additives may be added.
Along with the nature of solvent and solutes, solvent - solute interaction
should be considered during formulation development .

13. THANK YOU