Dosage form Excipients used in drug making Dosage form Solution Student Dosage form Pharm D Pharm b Course ppt Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose. For example, two products may both be amoxicillin, but one is in 500 mg capsules and another is in 250 mg chewable tablets. The term unit dose can also sometimes encompass non-reusable packaging as well (especially when each drug product is individually packaged[1]), although the FDA distinguishes that by unit-dose "packaging" or "dispensing".[2] Depending on the context, multi(ple) unit dose can refer to distinct drug products packaged together, or to a single drug product containing multiple drugs and/or doses. The term dosage form can also sometimes refer only to the pharmaceutical formulation of a drug product's constituent drug substance(s) and any blends involved, without considering matters beyond that (like how it is ultimately configured as a consumable product such as a capsule, patch, etc.). Because of the somewhat vague boundaries and unclear Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose. For example, two products may both be amoxicillin, but one is in 500 mg capsules and another is in 250 mg chewable tablets. The term unit dose can also sometimes encompass non-reusable packaging as well (especially when each drug product is individually packaged[1]), although the FDA distinguishes that by unit-dose "packaging" or "dispensing".[2] Depending on the context, multi(ple) unit dose can refer to distinct drug products packaged together, or to a single drug product containing multiple drugs and/or doses. The term dosage form can also sometimes refer only to the pharmaceutical formulation of a drug product's constituent drug substance(s) and any blends involved, without considering matters beyond that (like how it is ultimately configured as a consumable product such as a capsule, patch, etc.). Because of the somewhat vague boundaries and unclear Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular

1. SOLVENT USED IN
PHARMACEUTICAL
PREPARATIONS/VEHICLE
It is important to distinguish between solvents, which
are acceptable for inclusion in the final product, and
those, which are suitable only for use in the
intermediate stages of manufacture or in analytical
operations. The former solvents must be non-toxic and
non-irritant and must not interfere in any way with the
normal absorption. Solvents in common use are
classified as follows.

2. 1. SOLVENTS USED IN THE
MANUFACTURING OF
PHARMACEUTICALS
These include Methyl, ethyl and isopropyl alcohols,
industrial methylated spirit, glycols, ethyl ether higher
ethers, chloroform, acetone, benzene, petroleum ether,
acetic acid etc.

3. 2. SOLVENTS FOR ORAL AND
EXTERNAL PREPARATIONS
Such solvents include water, ethyl alcohol, glycerin,
propylene glycol, arachis oil (peanut oil), olive oil, ethyl
oleate, liquid parafin paraffin, etc.

4. 3. SOLVENTS FOR EXTERNAL
PREPARATIONS
This group consists of industrial methylated spirit,
isoproyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, poly ethylene glycols,
ethyl, isopropyl and butyl ester of palmitic, myrestic acid
etc.

5. 4. SOLVENTS FOR INJECT ABLE
PREPARATIONS
Such solvents include water for injection, ethyl oleate,
arachis, oil, olive oil, propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol.

6. SOLVENT USED IN
PHARMACEUTICAL
PREPARATIONS/VEHICLE
A Vehicle may be described as a medium in which the
ingredients of a formulation are dissolved, suspended
or dispersed for their easy administration and rapid
pharmacological action. The vehicle is a loose word
which may be used for liquids, semisolids or solids.
When a liquid is used to dissolved or suspend the
medicament, the liquid is known as vehicle whereas
when semisolid or solid is used to disperse the
medicament, it is known as base. Vehicles may also by
used to increase the bulk of the preparation. The
commonly used vehicles in pharmaceutical formulations
are described below:

7. 1. WATER
Water is the most suitable choice because it can
dissolve a large number of drugs and they can be easily
administered to the body as it does not interfere with
the metabolic ractions.
When water is required as vehicle for oral
preparations. Potable water or purified water should be
used. Sometimes, potable water contains dissolved
impurities and micro-organisms therefore it should be
made free from impurities and must be freshly boiled
and cooled to destroy the micro-organisms.

8. 2. AROMATIC WATERS
Sometimes aromatic waters are used as vehicles
mainly due to their flavoring properties. Some of them
possess mild therapeutic and /or preservative
properties. The commonly used aromatic waters are
chloroform water, camphor water, cinnamon water,
pepermint water, anise water and dill water.

9. 3. INFUSIONS
Some of the infusions which have definite therapeutic
properties are prescribed as vehicles. They include
compound gentian infusion, orange peel infusion,
senega infusion and infusion of clove.

10. 4. WATER OF INJECTION
Whenever water is to be used as vehicle in inject able
preparations, distilled water free from pyrogens must be
used. Water is used as the vehicle for most of inject
able preparations because aqueous preparations are
tolerated well by the body and are the safest and
easiest to administer.

11. 5. ALCOHOL
Alcohol is considered a very good solvent which comes
next in importance to water. It has an advantage over
water that preparations made with it remain stable for
quite a long time because of its antimicrobial properties,
while many aqueous solutions of organic substances
soon hydrolyse and become unfit for use. Water and
alcohol are quite miscible with each other and can be
mixed in any proportions. Such mixtures of water and
alcohol are referred to as hydro alcoholic solvents
which are extensively used in pharmaceutical
formulations.

12. 6. GYCERIN
Glycerin is an excellent solvent but it is not as
commonly used as that of water or alcohol. It is a
polyhydric alcohol which is quite viscous and
hygroscopic in nature. Because of its viscous nature
glycerin is an essential ingredient of throat paints so
that the medicament should remain in contact with
mucous membrane of the throat for a longer time. Due
to humectants properties, glycerin is used in creams,
jellies, paints, lotions and other preparations meant for
external application to the skin.

13. 7. PROPYLENE GLYCOL
Propylene glycol is widely used as a substitute for
glycerin. It is miscible with water, acetone and
chloroform in all proportions. It can dissolve many
volatile oils but fixed oils are insoluble in it.

14. Oils obtained from vegetable and animal kingdom are
frequently used as solvents for pharmaceutical
preparations. Vegetable oils like castor oil, cottonseed
oil and corn oil are commonly used but they are
decreasing in favor because they easily get rancid and
develop bacterial growth on storage. They differ greatly
in their qualities because they are obtained from natural
origin. Due to these reasons vegetable oils are being
replaced with mineral oils like liquid paraffin

15. Because it is quite stable and free from odour and
taste. But liquid paraffin or solid paraffin cannot be used
in parenteral preparations because they would not be
metabolized by the body tissues and may develop
tissue reactions and even tumors. Therefore oils are
generally used in preparations meant for external use.
Note:-
Some newer non-aqueous vehicles are recently
developed which are used in the formulation of
parenteral preparations and they are found more
satisfactory than vegetable and mineral oils. Among
these are polyethylene glycols, isopropyl myristate, etc.