In this presentation we take a look at the development of computer generations and the technological advancements in computers for the first generation of computers to the fifth generation.

1. UKWIMI TRADES TRAINING
INSTITUTE
COMPUTER APPLICATION
TERM 1 – SESSION 4

2. TOPIC COVERED TODAY:
The Generation of the Computer
•The First Generation
•The Second Generation
•The Third Generation
•The Fourth Generation
•The Fifth Generation

3. The Generation of the Computer
• A generation refers to the state of improvement in the development
of a product.
• It also is used for major state of different
advancements/achievements of computer technology.
• With each new generation, the circuitry has become smaller and
more advanced than the previous generation before it.
• The time span of era of computer generation may vary in different
prospects.

4. The First Generation : 1946 – 1958 (The
Vacuum Tube Years)
• The first generation of computers were huge, slow , expensive and often
undependable and used Vacuum Tubes in CPU’s.
• In 1946 two Americans, Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, built the
ENIAC electronic computer which used vacuum tubes instead of the
mechanical switches of the Mark I.
• The ENIAC used thousands of vacuum tubes, which took up a lot of
space and gave off a great deal of heat.
• First generation computers relied on machine language to preform
operations and they could only solve one problem at a time.
• Input was based on punched cards and paper taps and output was
displayed on printouts.

5. The Second Generation : 1959 – 1964 (The
Era of the Transistor)
• 33 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second
generation of computers.
• In 1947 three scientists, John Barden, William Shockley, and Walter
Brattain, working at AT&T’s Bell Labs, invented the transistor the
which functions like a vacuum tube.
• The transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller and much cheaper to
build than vacuum tube.
• Second generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic or assembly languages.
• High level programming languages such as versions of COBOL and
FORTRAN were also developed at this time.

6. The Third Generation: 1965-1970 (Integrated
Circuits – Miniaturising the Computer)
• Integrated Circuits (IC) have started replacing transistors.
• The integrated circuits, or as it is sometimes referred to as semiconductor
chip, packs a huge number of transistors onto a single wafer of silicon.
• Placing such large numbers of transistors on a single chip vastly increased the
power of a single computer.
• Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation
computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating
system, which allow the device to run may different applications at one time
with a central programme that monitored the memory.
• Computers, for the first time, became accessible to a mass audience because
they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

7. The Fourth Generation: 1971- Today (The
Microprocessor)
• This generation can be characterised by both the jump to monolithic integrated
circuits (millions of transistors put onto one integrated circuit chip) and the
invention of the microprocessor.
• By putting millions of transistors onto on a single chip, more calculation and
faster speeds could be reached by computers.
• Microprocessors moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many
areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use
microprocessors.
• As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked
together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the
Internet.
• Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse
and handheld devices.

8. Fifth Generation – Present and Beyond :
Artificial Intelligence:
• Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence,
are still in development, through there are some applications, such as
voice recognition, that are being used today.
• The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality.
• The goal of fifth generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and
self-organisation.