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Cemex: Global Growth through Information
CapabilitiesAnalysis Questions
1. Discuss the nature of the cement industry? What are the key
drivers for success in that industry? How is Cemex addressing
these priorities? What role do you think IT plays in addressing
the key success drivers in their industry?
2. Discuss the different stages of growth that Cemex went
through and the role IT played in each stage.
3. Is Cemex an example of a successful business model
innovation? How would you describe its business model and
what aspects are innovative?
4. What is your recommendation for what Cemex should do
going forward? Support your recommendations with appropriate
reasons.
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This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#[#R# T6YRVRNLV#
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#W#R# T6YRVRNLV#
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#L#R# T6YRVRNLV#
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#K#R# T6YRVRNLV#
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#Ka#R# T6YRVRNLV#
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#KW#R# T6YRVRNLV#
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For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in
Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and
Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Troy
from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
(Melanie)An entity is a real-world object, such as a customer, a
car, a class, or a student. (Coronel.) A relationship is an
association between entities, identified with a verb: a
customer buys a car and a student takes a class. Relationships
between entities operate in both directions - a car is bought by a
customer and a class is taken by many students. In a one-to-
Cemex's Digital Transformation Powers Global Growth
Cemex's Digital Transformation Powers Global Growth

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Cemex's Digital Transformation Powers Global Growth

  • 1. Cemex: Global Growth through Information CapabilitiesAnalysis Questions 1. Discuss the nature of the cement industry? What are the key drivers for success in that industry? How is Cemex addressing these priorities? What role do you think IT plays in addressing the key success drivers in their industry? 2. Discuss the different stages of growth that Cemex went through and the role IT played in each stage. 3. Is Cemex an example of a successful business model innovation? How would you describe its business model and what aspects are innovative? 4. What is your recommendation for what Cemex should do going forward? Support your recommendations with appropriate reasons. I N T E R N A T I O N A L !"#134 &0/07/0&&% 12"234+*56785+*96:;<+;<96=*<+>=?29!6 9+ [email protected]"8;[email protected]+18?87!5!;!2>+ !"#"$%&'( )##*&+$,"#( !"-"&&$( .'/01( $02( 3$,$%+0$( 4$22$&5( 6%"6$%"2( ,'+#( &$#"( /02"%( ,'"( #/6"%7+#+*0( *8( 4%*8"##*%( 9*0$:2( );( <$%&'$02( $#( $( -$#+#( 8*%( &:$##( 2+#&/##+*0( %$,'"%( ,'$0( ,*( +::/#,%$,"( "+,'"%( "88"&,+7"(*%(+0"88"&,+7"('$02:+01(
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  • 4. 2/,+/>/'%+0*.# %+8# 8/2'<22"8# $(-# 0(# %''"*"1%0"# 0$"# '():%+.P2# ,1(-0$#0(#+"-#*"&"*23# # .*6C%+1',( G( HBBH( -C( +,-( I( J0,"%0$,+*0$:( J0#,+,/,"( 8*%( <$0$1"@"0,( 9"7":*[email protected]"0,K(L$/#$00"K(MN+,O"%:$02;(P*,( ,*(-"(/#"2(*%(%"6%*2/&"2(N+,'*/,( N%+,,"0(6"%@+##+*0(2+%"&,:C(8%*@(+,-;( ################################################# K#S(<1'"]#'():%+.#/+>(1)%0/(+3#U/,<1"2#"9'*<8"#:1(8<'0/(+#' %:%'/0.#(>#4$/+%3# + ?528>2+92B!2:+ ;<2+A6556:[email protected]*+ :27>!;2>+72A692+ 16"[email protected]*+;6+158>>+ ' R#---3'")"93'()# R#---3'9+"0-(1?23'() For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023.
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  • 7. [#H,,1",%0"2#%1"#2%+8#%+8#,1%&"*;#- $/'$#%1"#)/+"8#>1()#Q<%11/"23#I$".#,/&"#1"%8.R)/9#'(+'1"0 "#/02# +"'"22%1.#&(*<)"#%+8#%88#0(#/02#(&"1%**#201"+,0$3# #4*/+?"1#/2#%+#/+0"1)"8/%0"#'")"+0#:1(8<'03# a#S(<1'"]#'():%+.#/+>(1)%0/(+3# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb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  • 9. %''<1%0"# /+>(1)%0/(+#2.20")2#-"1"#'1/0/'%*# 0(# /):1(&"#(:"1%0/(+%*#">>/'/"+'.#%+8# 8"'/2/(+#)%?/+,3# H0#0$%0#0/)";#8")%+8#>(1#'")"+0#-%2#201(+,3#TI#- %2#+(0#:"1'"/&"8#%2#'1/0/'%*#/+#0$"# '")"+0# /+8<201.;#"&"+#0$(<,$#'(1:(1%0/(+2# /+#(0$"1# /+8<201/"2#$%8#/+&"20"8#/+#TI# %2#"%1*.#%2#0$"#KLaN23#45657P2#TI#/+>1%201<'0<1"#- %2#:1/)/0/&"RR0$"1"#-"1"#(+*.# MN#b42#%+8#0$"#/+>(1)%0/(+#2.20")2#/+#8/>>"1"+0#:*%+0 2#-"1"#+(0#*/+?"83#B(-"&"1;# "+01":1"+"<1#C%)=1%+(;# %# 2"*>R:1(>"22"8#c0"'$/";d# 0((?# 0$"#(::(2/0"#&/"-#(># 0$"# :(0"+0/%*#&%*<"#(>#TI#0(#)%+%,")"+0#Q<%*/0.3## I$"#S0%10#(>#0$"#TI#[email protected]","+8d#RR#45657# T+# KLXW# C%)=1%+(# $/1"8# e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`DS#!%1=<1,#e*(= %*#5Q</0.#G"2"%1'$;#J<+"#MK;#MNNK3# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022.
  • 10. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb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
  • 11. +&"20#/+#%#2%0"**/0"# 0"*"'())<+/'%0/(+2#2.20")3#T+#KLXX#45657#8":*(."8#0$"#2. 20");#45657#f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f(3# KN# -(1*8-/8";# 0$"# %'Q</2/0/(+# (># I(*0"'%# $%8# %# ><+8%)"+0%*# /):%'0# (+# ><0<1"# /+0",1%0/(+# -/0$# 0$"# 2.20")2# (># %'Q</1"8# '():%+/"23#6"1,/+,# I(*0"'%P2#B"-*"00Rb%'?%18# :*%0>(1)#-/0$# 45657P2# TD6#HSg[NN# :*%0>(1)#-%2# '$%**"+,/+,;# 2/+'"# 0$".#-"1"#&"1.#8/>>"1"+03# T0#-%2# 0$"# >/120# %+8#(+*.#%'Q</2/0/(+# 0$%0#1"Q</1"8#45657#0(#1"&/"- #/02#"9/20/+,#:*%0>(1)3#45657#%8(:0"8#/++(&%0/&"# /8"%2# >1()# I(*0"'%P2# <2"# (># TI3# U(1# 2<=2"Q<"+0# %'Q</2/0/(+2;# 45657# 2/):*.# /+0",1%0"8# 0$"# 2.20")2#(>#%'Q</1"8#'():%+/"2#- /0$(<0#,(/+,# 0$1(<,$#%# 0$(1(<,$# 1"&/"-#(>#/02#(-+#2.20")#%,%/+3# U('<2/+,#(+#0$"#`2"#(>#T+>(1)%0/(+#
  • 12. H2#45657#="'%)"#*%1,"1;#-/0$#)(1"#:*%+02# /+#8/>>"1"+0# *('%0/(+2;#)%+%,")"+0# $%8# %# ,1"%0"1# +""8# >(1# %''<1%0";# 0/)"*.# %+8# "%2/*.# %''"22/=*"# '(+2(*/8%0"8# /+>(1)%0/(+#>(1#:"1>(1)%+'"#1"&/"- #%+8#8"'/2/(+#)%?/+,3#T+#KLLN#T+/,<"AP2#0"%)# 8"2/,+"8# %+8# *%<+'$"8# %+# 59"'<0/&"# T+>(1)%0/(+# S.20");# "+%=*"8# =.# 45657# f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c&/10<%*d# /+2:"'0/(+2#<2/+,# 0$"#59"'<0/&"# T+>(1)%0/(+#2.20")#0(#8"0"'0#%+8#0%'?*"#:1(=*")2#Q</'?*. 3#T>#$"#8"0"'0"8#0$%0#0$"# (:"1%0/+,#*"&"*2#(>#%#'")"+0#:*%+0#-"1"#="*(- #0$"#="+'$)%1?#>(1#0$"#(0$"1#:*%+02;# $"#'%**"8#%#:*%+0#-(1?"1#8/1"'0*.# 0(# >/+8#(<0#- $.3#B"#8/8#+(0#-%/0# 0(# 0%*?# 0(# 0$"# )%+%,"1#(1#1",/(+%*#8/1"' 0(13#T>#$"#-%+0"8#0(#'$"'?#$(- #2%*"2#-"1"#/+#0$"#*%20#M[# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
  • 13. Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb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
  • 14. +%*#%'Q</2/0/(+#-%2#0$"# ?".#201%0",.#0(#2<1&/&"3#C%)=1%+(#"9:*%/+"8]## !"#2<88"+*.#>(<+8#(<12"*&"2#'():"0/+,#- /0$#&"1.#*%1,"#/+0"1+%0/(+%*#'():%+/"2#%0#%#0/)"# (>#'(+2(*/8%0/(+#/+#0$"#-(1*8#'")"+0#/+8<201.3#I$"1"#- "1"#>"-#/+8":"+8"+0#:1(8<'"12#*">03# 5/0$"1#-"#="'%)"#*%1,"#%+8#/+0"1+%0/(+%*;#(1#-"#- (<*8#"+8#<:#="/+,#:<1'$%2"8#=.#%#=/,,"1# :*%."13L## T+# KLLM# C%)=1%+(# 8"'/8"8# 0(# :<1'$%2"# S:%/+P2# 0- (# *%1,"20# '")"+0# :1(8<'"12RR h%*"+'/%+%#%+8#S%+2(+RR>(1#+"%1*.#i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
  • 15. (:"1%0/(+2#/+#(0$"1#@%0/+#H)"1/'%+#)%1?"02#2<'$#%2#h" +"A<"*%;#b%+%)%;#Y()/+/'%+# G":<=*/';#4(*()=/%#%+8#4$/*"#F1"8"%(,*(!"#$%$&'=(8*%($ &F/+#+,+*0(2",$+:#O3## ################################################# X#c45657#I%:2#TI#%2#%+#T+0",1%0/(+#I((*3d#4(<+01.#D1/ ">/+,;#R'"(=&*0*@+#,(J0,"::+1"0&"(S0+,;#H:1/*#W;# MNNN3# L#41%- >(18;#@"2*/"3#cI$"#e*(=%*#4():%+.]#@(+,#G"%'$#E:"+2#f"- #S(<1'"2#(>#U/+%+'"3d#Q+0$0&+$:( [email protected]"#;#f(&")="1#W;#KLLW3# KN#T=/83## KK#Y">/+"8#%2#+"0#8"=0#8/&/8"8#=.#5DTIYH#>(1#0$"#:1" &/(<2#KM#)(+0$23# KM#G(22/"1;#G(*%+83#cB(- #0$"#6"9/'%+#4(1:(1%0/(+#45657#I<1+"8#/+0(#%#4")"+0#T+8 <201.#e/%+03d#L"( R"@6##Fe"+"&%O;#I<"28%.;#E'0(="1#Ma;#KLLL3# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#a#R# T6YRVRNLV# 4():%1"8#- /0$#8"&"*(:"8#)%1?"02;#")"1,/+,#)%1?"02#,"+"1%**.#$%8#0$ "#>(**(-/+,#
  •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h/'"#b1"2/8"+0#j#b*%++/+,#%+8#U/+%+'";#*%0"1 #"9:*%/+"8]# !"#$%8#%#)%01/9#/+#(<1#)/+8#/+#-$/'$#- "#2<))%1/A"8#(<1#%'Q</2/0/(+#201%0",.3#E+"#%9/2#(>#0$" # )%01/9#- %2#'%**"8#%001%'0/&"+"223#H+8#0$"#(0$"1#%9/2#- %2#'%**"8#:1(9/)/0.3#`+8"1#0$"#'(+'":0#(># :1(9/)/0.;#-"#- (<*8#0$/+?#)%/+*.#(>#'<*0<1%*#:1(9/)/0.#1%0$"1#0$%+#,"(, 1%:$/'#:1(9/)/0.3## Y"&"*(:/+,#b(20RH'Q</2/0/(+#59:"10/2"#
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  • 18. I$"1">(1";# /+20"%8# (># 2:"+8/+,# (+*.# VN# 8%.2# 2"00/+,# <:# %+# TI# 2.20");# 0$"# /+0",1%0/(+#0"%)#(>0"+#2:"+0#)(+0$2RR"&"+#<:#0(#%#."%1 RR01%/+/+,#:"(:*"#/+#$(-#0(# <2"#0$"#TI#%+8#>(**(-#0$"#+"- #=<2/+"22#:1('"22"23#45657#:*%'"8#%#:1")/<)#(+# "):*(.""#"8<'%0/(+;#8"&(0/+,#%#)/+/)<)#(>#XZ#(>#0(0%*#- (1?#0/)"#0(#01%/+/+,3KV# T+/,<"A#"9:*%/+"8]# H22<)/+,# /+8/&/8<%*2# -/**# <2"# 0"'$+(*(,.# (1# 8%0%# ="'%<2"# /0# /2# %&%/*%=*"# /2# %# )/20%?"3# `+*"22# )%+%,")"+0# 8"&(0"2# 0$"# 1"Q</1"8# 1"2(<1'"2# >(1# 01%/+/+,3330$"# /+0",1%0/(+# -/**# ="# 2<:"1>/'/%*3# ################################################# KV#c6"9/'(]#45657#S3H3#Y5#43h3d#J02/#,%C(E""5;# h(*3#M[ W;#f(3#K;#H<,<20#KW;#KLLX3# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#W#R# T6YRVRNLV# 45657# %*2(# 8"&"*(:"8# %+# /+0"1+%*# -(1*8-/8"# ="+'$)%1?/+,# 8%0%=%2"# (+# :1(8<'0/(+;#:1('<1")"+0#%+8#2%*"2#0(#%**(- #"):*(.""2#%''"22#0(#/+>(1)%0/(+#%=(<0#
  • 19. (:"1%0/(+2#%+8#0(#"+'(<1%,"#2$%1/+,#(>#="20#:1%'0/'"2#- /0$/+#0$/2#,*(=%*#"+0"1:1/2"3# 6%+.# %'Q</1"8# "+0/0/"2# -"1"# 01%8/0/(+%*# '():%+/"2;# /+# -$/'$# /+>(1)%0/(+# $%8# ,"+"1%**.#=""+# 1"2"1&"8#(+*.# >(1#2"+/(1#)%+%,")"+03#I$/2#+"-#(:"++"22#$"*:"8# 1")(&"# 0$"# 2?":0/'/2)# (># 2()"# "):*(.""23# D"2/8"2# )%?/+,# /0# 8/>>/'<*0# >(1# "):*(.""2# 0(# '(+'"%*# /22<"2# %+8# >%/*<1"2;# 0$"# /+>(1)%0/(+# (:"++"22# %*2(# "+'(<1%,"8#"):*(.""2#0(#0%*?#%=(<0#%+8#*"%1+#>1()#)/20 %?"23# U('<2/+,#(+#b"(:*"#%+8#b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  •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k#I$"#/+0"1:1"0%0/(+#(> #TI#/2#1"%**.#:((13#T#$%&"#+"&"1#>('<2"8# (+#0$"#0"'$+(*(,.#:%103#T#<+8"120%+8#0$"#0"'$+/'%*#/22< "2#=<0#T#8(+P0#-%+0#0$")#0(#="#0$"#'"+0"1# (>#(<1# '(+&"12%0/(+l/0P2# %#-%20"#(># 0/)"3#Y<1/+,#).#20%.# /+#45657;# 0$"#'"+0"1#(># TI#-%2# $<)%+#="/+,23#!"#'(<*8#*"&"1%,"#$<)%+#="/+,2#%+8#=<2/+ "22#:1('"22"2#-/0$#0"'$+(*(,.3# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#X#R# T6YRVRNLV# 5+$%+'/+,#TI#T+>1%201<'0<1"#%+8#E<02(<1'/+,#TI#0(#4")0 "'#
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  •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or the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#L#R# T6YRVRNLV# %:(*(,/A"3K#6(1"(&"1;# '(**"'0/+,# 8"0%/*"8# '<20()"1# /+>(1)%0/(+# *%0"1# >%'/*/0%0"8# 0$"#8"&"*(:)"+0#(>#%#2(>0- %1"#0$%0#<2"8#201<'0<1"#0.:"#%+8#'*/)%0"#'(+8/0/(+2#0(# '%*'<*%0"#0$"#:1"'/2"#201"+,0$#%+8#8<1%=/*/0.#(>#0$"#'") "+0#%#'<20()"1#-(<*8#+""83# H2# -"**# %2# ,/&/+,# 0$"# '():%+.# %# ="00"1# )%1?"0#
  •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email protected]$5CIGN+2KLDOGNO+"CD]LIH+)S''/+6N^ CDZH,+ D</*8/+,# (+# /02# "9:"1/"+'"# (># "9:%+8/+,# /+0(# @%0/+# ")"1,/+,#)%1?"02;# 45657# )%8"# /02# >/120# "+01.# /+0(# +([email protected]%0/+# ")"1,/+,# )%1?"02# /+# KLLW3# T0# 20%10"8# =.# :<1'$%2/+,#%#VNZ#20%?"#/+#G/A%*#4")"+0#/+#0$"#b$/*/::/ +"23#I$"+#/0#)%8"#%#2"1/"2# (>#%'Q</2/0/(+2#/+#)%1?"02#2<'$#%2#T+8(+"2/%;#5,.:0#%+8 #I$%/*%+83## I$"2"# %'Q</2/0/(+2# :<0# 45657P2# )%+%,")"+0# /+# 0$"# '$%**"+,/+,# :(2/0/(+# (># $%&/+,#0(#1%/2"#><+82#- $/*"#)%+%,/+,#0$"#8"=0#*"&"*RR/02#>/+%+'/%*#*"&"1%,"# 1"%'$"8#
  • 26. %#1"'(18#(>#3V#/+#KLL3#B(- "&"1;#(+#%#:(2/0/&"#+(0";#="'%<2"#(>#45657P2#%=/*/0.# 0(#Q</'?*.#0<1+#%1(<+8#(1#/):1(&"#0$"#:"1>(1)%+'"#(>#0$" #%'Q</1"8#"+0/0/"2#F%"8"%( ,*( !"#$%$&' >( 8*%( ,'"( 6*#+,+7"( -/#+0"##( %"#/:,#( *8( ,'"( $&F/+%"2( "0,+,+"#( $8,"%( +0,"1%$,+*0O;#0$"#%'Q</2/0/(+2#=1(<,$0#/+#2/,+/>/'%+0#(:" 1%0/+,#'%2$#>*(-#%+8#)%8"# 45657#)(1"#%001%'0/&"#(+#/+0"1+%0/(+%*#20('?#)%1?"02#F %"8"%(,*(!"#$%$&'?(8*%(,'"( &*0,%+- /,+*0(*8(+0,"%0$,+*0$:($&F/+#+,+*0#(,*(.=<=>?#(1%*N,'O3# # e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h"+"A<"*%# 0(# :1(&/8"# %# )(1"# ">>/'/"+0# 2.20")# /+# 0$"# S(<0$# H)"1/'%+# %+8# 4%1/=="%+# 1",/(+3# H**# 0$"2"# %8&%+0%,"2# (># ,*(=%*/A%0/(+# '(+01/=<0"8# 0(# 0$"# 2<''"22><*#*/20/+,#(>#45657#(+#0$"#f"- #m(1?#S0('?#59'$%+,"#(+#S":0")="1#K;# KLLL3##
  • 27. ################################################# K#Y(*%+;#n"11.#H3#c4")"+0#6""02#0$"#4.="1-(1*8;T(Q*%- "#;#J<+"#K;#KLLX3# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#KN#R# T6YRVRNLV# !$/*"# 45657# -%2# "9:%+8/+,# /+0(# (0$"1# +([email protected]%0/+# ")"1,/+,# )%1?"02;# /0# %*2(# 20%10"8# 0(# "9:"1/)"+0# -/0$# 8/>>"1"+0# "R=<2/+"22# (::(10<+/0/"2# 0(# /):1(&"# /02# (:"1%0/(+2#%+8#="'()"#'*(2"1#0(#/02#'<20()"12#%+8#2<::*/"1 23#45657#*%<+'$"8#/02# T+0"1+"0# -"=2/0"# /+# KLLa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
  • 28. *DJ^IR+GN+#L- LEJLZ+"CD]LIH+CNZ+2KWCD][email protected]^+BLNIQD LH+)0&&&+6N^CDZ,+ T+#MNNN#45657#:<1'$%2"8#0$"#2"'(+8R*%1,"20#`S#'")"+0# :1(8<'"1;#I"9%2R=%2"8# S(<0$8(- +;#>(1#iM3L#=/**/(+#0(#'1"%0"#%#)(1"#=%*%+'"8#:(10>(*/( #(>#")"1,/+,#%+8# 8"&"*(:"8# )%1?"023# 45657# )%8"# 2<'$# %# 2/,+/>/'%+0# )(&"# ="'%<2"# 2()"# >/+%+'/%*#%+%*.202#$%8#:"1'"/&"8#0$"#'():%+.#%2#="/+,# c1/2?.3d#U/120;#45657#-%2# )(1"#$"%&/*.#>('<2"8#(+#")"1,/+,#)%1?"02#0$%+#/02#'():"0/0 (12#-"1"3#S"'(+8;#/0# $%8# $/,$"1# '(<+01.# 1/2?# ="'%<2"# /0#-%2# =%2"8# /+#6"9/'(;# %# 8"&"*(:/+,# '(<+01.;# -$"1"%2# /02# '():"0/0(12# -"1"# =%2"8# /+# 8"&"*(:"8# '(<+01/"2# /+#!"20"1+# 5<1(:"3# I$"1">(1";# /+# %88/0/(+# 0(# /+'1"%2"8# 2%*"2# %+8#:1(8<'0/(+# '%:%=/*/0/"2# %+8# ,1"%0"1# :1"2"+'"# /+# 0$"# 2/,+/>/'%+0# `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
  • 29. 0"%)# 2"+0# 0(# %+# %'Q</2/0/(+# 0%1,"0#0(#"+2<1"#0$%0#/0#- (<*8#="#:(22/=*"#0(#1%:/8*.#/+0",1%0"#0$"#TI#/+>1%201<'0 <1";# :1('"22"2#%+8#:"(:*"#-/0$#45657P23## I$"#f"-#5RD<2/+"22#S01%0",.# H2#-"**#%2#"9:%+8/+,#/+#0$"#:$.2/'%*#- (1*8;#45657#%/)"8#0(#,1(-#/+#0$"#&/10<%*# -(1*83# T+# S":0")="1# MNNN;# %2# :%10# (># /02# =1(%8# "R=<2/+"22# 201%0",.;# 0$"# '():%+.# *%<+'$"8# %# +"-# 2<=2/8/%1.;# 49f"0-(1?2;# 0(# 8":*(.# %# +"0-(1?# (># =<2/+"22"2# 0$%0# *"&"1%,"8# 45657P2# %22"02# %+8# "90"+8"8# /02# 1"%'$# /+0(# %1"%2# 0$%0# '():*")"+0"8# %+8#%88"8# 0(# /02#'(1"#=<2/+"223#45657#-%2#:*%++/+,# 0(# /+&"20#KNZ#(>#(:"1%0/+,# >1""# '%2$# >*(-# %# ."%1;# %=(<0# iKNN#)/**/(+;# /+# 49f"0-(1?23# C%)=1%+(# %::(/+0"8# J<%+# b%=*(# S%+# H,<20/+;# h/'"# b1"2/8"+0# (># "R=<2/+"22# %+8# >(1)"1# :*%++/+,# %+8# )%1?"0/+,# 8/1"'0(1# (># 45657P2# 6"9/'%+# (:"1%0/(+2;# %2# 45E3# B"# -%2# (+*.# VK# ."%12#(*83#C%)=1%+(#%::(/+0"8#T+/,<"A#%2#0$"#4$/">#T+ >(1)%0/(+#E>>/'"1#(>#0$"#+"-# 2<=2/8/%1.3# 49f"0-(1?2# -%2# "20%=*/2$"8# 0(# =</*8# %# +"0-(1?# (># "R=<2/+"22"2;# >('<2/+,#(+# 0$1""#%1"%2]#'1"%0/+,#%#+"0- (1?#(>#&"10/'%*#:(10%*2# /+#?".#'(+201<'0/(+# )%1?"02# -(1*8-/8"^# =</*8/+,# %# :%[email protected]%0/+# H)"1/'%+# "R:1('<1")"+0# "9'$%+,"# >(1# /+8/1"'0# ,((82# %+8# 2"1&/'"2^# %+8# 8"&"*(:/+,# %# 0"'$+(*(,.# %+8# T+0"1+"0# '(+2<*0/+,# '():%+.3#H#?".#"*")"+0#(>#49f"0-(1?2P#=<2/+"22#)(8"*#- %2#0(#-(1?#-/0$#-(1*8R
  • 30. '*%22#0"'$+(*(,.#'():%+/"2#2<'$#%2#H1/=%;#/M#I"'$+(*(,/"2# %+8#4/2'(#S.20")23# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#KK#R# T6YRVRNLV# C%)=1%+(#'())"+0"8]# 49f"0- (1?2#/2#/):(10%+0#0(#0$"#><0<1"#(>#456573#T02#2<''"22#- /**#%88#"+(1)(<2#&%*<"#0(# (<1#(&"1%**#">>(102#0(#"R"+%=*"#0$"#'():%+.;#+(0#(+*.#= .#$"*:/+,#<2#:1(&/8"#%#=1(%8#1%+,"#(># (+*/+"# 2"1&/'"2#%+8#:1(8<'02# 0(#(<1# '<20()"12#%+8#=.#'1"%0/+,# 0$"#+"-#+"0-(1?2# 0$%0#%1"# /+0",1%*# 0(# 2<''"22# /+# 0$"#8/,/0%*# %,";# =<0# =.# '(+01/=<0/+,# 0(# 0$"#=</*8/+,#(># 0$"# "R'<*0<1"# 0$1(<,$(<0#456573Ka## I$"# >/120# /+/0/%0/&"#-%2# 0$"# 8"&"*(:)"+0# (>#4(+201<)/9;# %#)(8"*# >(1# %# 2"1/"2# (># &"10/'%*# :(10%*2# 0$%0# 0%1,"0"8# )")="12# (># 0$"# '(+201<'0/(+# /+8<201.# /+# 6"9/'(;# @%0/+# H)"1/'%;# 5<1(:"# %+8# 0$"# `S3# 4(+201<)/9# -%2# %# ><**R2"1&/'"# (+*/+"# )%1?"0:*%'"# %+8# '(+201<'0/(+# '())<+/0.# >(1# @%0/+# H)"1/'%+# :1(8<'"12;#
  •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h"+"A<"*%#/+#H:1/*#MNNK3## 49f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h"+"A<"*%;# D1%A/*# %+8# S:%/+# 0(# >(1)# f"(1/23# f"(1/2# '()=/+"8# 4")0"'P2# 201"+,0$2# -/0$# 0$"2"# :%10+"12P#
  • 32. 201"+,0$2RR?+(-*"8,"# (># 0$"/1# $()"# )%1?"02# %+8# "R=<2/+"22# '(+2<*0/+,# "9:"1/"+'"3#!/0$# KM# (>>/'"2# 20%>>"8# =.# K;MNN# :1(>"22/(+%*2# F<:# >1()#4")0"'P2# aNNO# /+# 2/9# '(<+01/"2;# f"(1/2# (>>"1"8# 201%0",.^# :1('"22#8"2/,+#%+8#=<2/+"22#)(8"*/+,^#- "=#8"2/,+;#%1'$/0"'0<1";# /):*")"+0%0/(+# %+8# $(20/+,gHSb# 2"1&/'"2# 0(# 45657# '<20()"12# %+8# 2<::*/"12# %2# -"**# %2# (0$"1# (<02/8"# '():%+/"2# /+# &%1/(<2# /+8<201/"2;# 2<'$# %2#H)"1/'%+#59:1"22;#4('%R4(*%;# Y<:(+0#%+8#7"1(93#f"(1/2P#,1(-0$#201%0",.#- %2#0(#=1(%8"+#%+8#201"+,0$"+#/02#"R '(+2<*0/+,# (>>"1/+,2# 0$1(<,$# $/,$*.# 2"*"'0/&"# %'Q</2/0/(+2;# -$/*"# '(+0/+</+,# 0(# :%10+"1#-/0$#*"%8/+,#0"'$+(*(,.#'():%+/"23## D.# J%+<%1.#MNNK#@%0/+"9<2#$%8#,(+"# */&"#%+8#- (<*8# >%'/*/0%0"# 0$"#:<1'$%2/+,#(># /+8/1"'0#,((82#%+8#2"1&/'"2#=.#'1"%0/+, #%+#(+*/+"#)%1?"0: *%'"3#I$/2#$(1/A(+0%*#DMD# -"=# :1('<1")"+0# 2/0"RR:1"2"+0"8# /+# 5+,*/2$;# S:%+/2$# %+8# b(10<,<"2"RR0%1,"0"8# '():%+/"2# (># %**# 2/A"2# %+8# >1()# %**# /+8<201/"2# /+# 0$"# @%0/+# H)"1/'%+# )%1?"03# I$1(<,$#0$"#2/0";#<2"12#'(<*8#=<.#%+8#2"**#(>>/'"#><1+/0 <1"#%+8#2<::*/"2;#%2#-"**#%2# ,"+"1%*# TI;# "*"'01(+/'2# %+8# (0$"1# "Q</:)"+03# @%0/+"9<2# $"*:"8# =<."12;# /+'*<8/+,# 45657;# 1"8<'"# :1('<1")"+0# '(202# =.# (>>"1/+,# %# 2/+,*"# %+8# '():1"$"+2/&"# *('%0/(+# /+# -$/'$# 0(# >/+8# %**# 2"**"1# (>>"1/+,2# %+8# =.# 201"%)*/+/+,# :1('<1")"+0# ################################################# Ka#c45657#@%<+'$"2#5RD<2/+"22#S01%0",.3d#45657#:1"22
  • 33. #1"*"%2";#S":0")="1#KV;#MNNN3# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#KM#R# T6YRVRNLV# :1('"22"23# @%0/+"9<2# ,%&"# =<."12# 0$"# %=/*/0.# 0(# _(/+# (0$"1# =<."12# >(1# &(*<)"# 8/2'(<+023# 49f"0-(1?2# :%10+"1"8# -/0$# 6"9/'%+# /+8<201/%*# ,/%+0# H*>%^# D1%A/*P2# *%1,"20# :1/&%0"# '(+,*()"1%0"# h(0(1%+0/)# e1(<:^# %+8# D1%8"2:%1;# -$/'$# -%2# 1"2:(+2/=*"# >(1# 0$"# D1%8"2'(#e1(<:P2# +(+R>/+%+'/%*# /+&"20)"+0# %'0/&/0/"2# FD%+'(# D1%8"2'(#- %2#@%0/+#H)"1/'%P2#*%1,"20#1"0%/*#=%+?O3#49f"0- (1?2#$%8#%#MZ#"Q</0.# 20%?"3# @%0/+"9<2# %/)"8# 0(# ,"+"1%0"# 1"&"+<"# )%/+*.# 0$1(<,$# 2<=2'1/:0/(+2;# 01%+2%'0/(+#>""2#%+8#)%1,/+2#>1()#%,,1",%0/+,#:<1'$%2/ +,#:(-"13## T+#U"=1<%1.#MNNK#4(+201<:*%A%;#%#2"'(+8#&"10/'%*#: (10%*# F%>0"1#4(+201<)/9O;#-%2# *%<+'$"83# T0#-%2# %# ><**R2"1&/'"#)%1?"0:*%'"# >(1# S:%+/2$# =<."12# %+8# 2<::*/"12# (># '(+201<'0/(+#)%0"1/%*2#%+8#2"1&/'"2 3##
  • 34. !/0$/+# 2/9# )(+0$2# (># "20%=*/2$/+,# 49f"0-(1?2;# 45657# $%8# 2<''"22><**.# *%<+'$"8# 0$"# >(<1# "R=<2/+"22"2;# %2# :*%++"83# S%+# H,<20/+# +(0"8# %0# 0$"# 4.="1# H)"1/'%2#4(+>"1"+'"#/+#S%+0/%,(;#4$/*";#/+#6%1'$#MNNK] # 45657# $%2# %# -"**R"20%=*/2$"8# 01%'?# 1"'(18# /+# *"&"1%,/+,# 0$"# :(-"1# (># /+>(1)%0/(+# 0"'$+(*(,.3#B(-"&"1;#-$%0#- "#$%&"#%''():*/2$"8#/+#0$"#:%20#=%1"*.#2'1%0'$"2#0$"#2< 1>%'"#(># -$%0#-"#?+(-#-"#'%+# %+8#)<20#8(# /+# 0$"# ><0<1"3#I$1(<,$#49f"0-(1?2;#-"# %1"# *"&"1%,/+,# 45657P2#%22"02#(+0(#0$"#T+0"1+"0#/+#(18"1#0(#:1(&/8"#= "00"1#2"1&/'"2#0(#(<1#'<20()"123KW# I$"#45657#!%.]#T+>(1)%0/(+;#"RTI#%+8#b"(:*"# T+#:%1%**"*#-/0$#"9:%+8/+,#,*(=%**.#%+8#"9:"1/)"+0/+,#- /0$#"R&"+0<1"2#0(#"+$%+'"# 2$%1"$(*8"1#&%*<";#45657#/+/0/%0"8#%#'():%+.- /8"#:1(,1%);#0$"#45657#!%.;# /+# MNNN3# I$"# 45657# !%.# -%2# %+# /+>(1)%0/(+# 2.20")# %+8# :1('"22# 20%+8%18/A%0/(+# :1(,1%)# -/0$# 0$"# (=_"'0/&"2;# >1()# %# 0"'$+/'%*# :"12:"'0/&";# (># '1"%0/+,#%+#(:"+#'(1:(1%0"#/+>(1)%0/(+#/+>1%201<'0<1"#% +8#"+2<1/+,#0$%0#aNZ#(>#0$"# '():%+.P2#=<2/+"22#:1('"22"2#-"1"#)%+%,"8#/+#%#- "=R=%2"8#"+&/1(+)"+0#=.#0$"# "+8# (># MNNK3# I(# "+2<1"# 0$"# 2<''"22><*# /):*")"+0%0/(+# (># 0$/2# :1(,1%);# +/+"# "R ,1(<:2;#"%'$#(+"#2:"'/%*/A"8#/+#%#'(1"#:1('"22#2<'$#%2#:1(' <1")"+0;#>/+%+'"#%+8# (:"1%0/(+2;# -"1"# >(1)"83# 5%'$# "R,1(<:#-%2# 2:(+2(1"8#
  • 35. =.# %+# 59"'<0/&"#hb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i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c49f"0-
  • 36. (1?2#45E#H881"22"2#4.="1#H)"1/'%2#4(+>"1"+'"3d#45657#:1 "22#1"*"%2";#6%1'$#MN;#MNNK3## For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb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
  •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
  • 38. "R'<*0<1"# :1(,1%)2# -"1"# '(+8<'0"8# 0(# '1"%0"# %# '(1:(1%0"# '<*0<1"# (># 1%/2/+,# %- %1"+"22#(>#0$"#&%*<"#(>#<2/+,#0"'$+(*(,.#>(1#8%.R0(R8% .#%'0/&/0/"23#U(1#"9%):*";# /+#0$"#cT+0"1+"0#%0#B()"d#/+/0/%0/&";#K;VNN#'():<0"12#- "1"#8/201/=<0"8#0(#>%)/*/"2# (>#"9"'<0/&"2#-(1*8- /8"#0(#:1()(0"#0$"#<2"#(>#0"'$+(*(,.#/+#$(<2"$(*823## U(1# 45657;# 20%+8%18/A"8# =<2/+"22# :1('"22"2# -"1"# '1/0/'%*# 0(# (:"1%0/(+%*# ">>/'/"+'.3#D%2"8#(+# 0$/2#)%+%,")"+0# :$/*(2(:$.;#e/*="10(#e%1'/%;# TI#b*%++/+,# Y/1"'0(1;# "9:*%/+"8# 0$"# 1%0/(+%*"# ="$/+8# %8(:0/+,# 0$"# c1(*"d# '(+'":0# >(1# /+>(1)%0/(+#)%+%,")"+0]# !$%0#/2#.(<1#1(*"#%2#%#'<20()"1o#!"#- %+0#0(#<+8"120%+8;#>(1#0$%0#:%10/'<*%1#1(*";#- $%0#0$"#+""8# >(1# /+>(1)%0/(+# %+8# 2"1&/'"# /23# G(*"2# %1"# +(0# _<20# /+0"1+%*3# pU(1# "9%):*";q# (<1# :%10+"1# -$(# 2<::*/"2#<2# 01<'?2#:*%.2#%#:%10/'<*%1#1(*"# /+#).#:1('"22#(>#2"1&/'"#8"*/&"1.#0(#).#'<20()"123# pH+8# (<1# :%10+"1# %*2(# +""82# /+>(1)%0/(+# %=(<0# <2# %+8# (<1# '<20()"123q# I$/2# /2# (<1# )%/+# '(+'"1+]#$(-#'%+#- "#)(&"#>1()#%#:1('"22R'"+01/'#(1,%+/A%0/(+#0(#%#1(*"R'"+ 01/'#(1,%+/A%0/(+o# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer
  • 39. Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#K[#R# T6YRVRNLV# J/<'-/'GB'9;/<'I;/0'JB;BK' 1[@LI^JD]H_+?DJODLHH+9L- GL^[email protected]$;LDK+2[CNHGJN+?ECN+ E+"#."%1#%>0"1#/02#*%<+'$;#49f"0- (1?2#$%8#="'()"#45657P2#)"%+2#(>#"9:*(1/+,# (::(10<+/0/"2#/+#)%1?"02#0$%0#45657#- %2#+(0#:%10/'/:%0/+,#/+3#T02#=<2/+"22#>('<2# $%8#"&(*&"8#/+0(#0$1""#%1"%2]#"9:%+8/+,#0$"#1"%'$#%+ 8#(>>"1/+,2#(>#f"(1/2;#'1"%0/+,# /++(&%0/&"# (+"R20(:# 2$(::/+,# '"+0"12# >(1# '(+201<'0/(+# :1(>"22/(+%*2# 0$1(<,$(<0# 6"9/'(# <+8"1# 0$"# H1?/(# +%)"# %+8# "9:*(1/+,# +"-# 0"'$+(*(,/"2# 0$%0# %/)"8# 0(# 2/):*/>.# %+8# >%'/*/0%0"# =<2/+"22# %)(+,# '():%+/"23# B( - "&"1;# 49f"0-(1?2# '(+01/=<0"8#)/+/)%*#:1(>/0#0(#456573## H>0"1#0$"#=*(22()/+,#(>#+<)"1(<2#&"10/'%*#:(10%*2;#0$"# )%1?"0#20%10"8#0(#2$%?"#(<03# E+*.# 0$"# :1/&%0"# (+"2# >('<2/+,# (+# 2<::*.# '$%/+# )%+%,")"+0# 2<1&/&"83# 4(+201<)/9#%+8#4(+201<:*%A%#$%8#"&(*&"8#0(#="'()"#0$ "#/+>(1)%0/(+#2(<1'"#>(1# '<20()"12# %+8# %+# %''"22# :(/+0# >(1#45657# 0(#8/1"'0# '")"+0# '<20()"12# 0(# /02# "R 2"**/+,#(+*/+"#8/201/=<0/(+#'$%++"*#%+8#0(#8/1"'0#:(10%* #:%10/'/:%+02#0(#49f"0-(1?2P#
  • 40. &%1/(<2#=<2/+"22"2#2<'$#%2#f"(1/23## S/)/*%1*.;# @%0/+"9<2P# ,1(-0$# $%8# =""+# */)/0"83# B(- "&"1;# /0# $%8# ="+">/0"8# 45657#/+#0-(#- %.2]#0$"#'():%+.#$%8#,%/+"8#*"%1+/+,#%=(<0#"R)%1?"0:* %'"2#%+8# %'$/"&"8#2%&/+,2#>1()#:1('<1")"+03# f"(1/2# "9:%+8"8# ><10$"1# =.# %'Q</1/+,# KNNZ# (># I/+0%# T+&/2/&"*# /+# b(10<,%*# (+# 6%1'$#K;#MNNK#%+8#*%<+'$/+,#%#2<=2/8/%1.#/+#H1,"+0/ +%#(+#6%.#KX;#MNNK3#T+#0$"# >%**# (># MNNK# f"(1/2# >(1)"8# %# _(/+0# &"+0<1"# +%)"8# f"(1/2# US# -/0$# bhH# T+0"1+%0/(+%*# T+'3;# %# f"-# m(1?# =%2"8# 0"'$+(*(,.# )%+%,")"+0# '(+2<*0/+,# >/1);# -$/'$# =1(<,$0# /+# VN# "9:"1/"+'"8# '(+2<*0%+02# %+8# %# 201(+,# '<20()"1# =%2"# (># >/+%+'/%*#2"1&/'"2#(1,%+/A%0/(+2#2<'$#%2#0$"#4/0/e1(<:# %+8#J3b3#6(1,%+#S"'<1/0/"23# T02# $"%8'(<+0# ,1"-# 0(# )(1"# 0$%+# K;[NN3# f"(1/2# 1")%/+"8# :1(>/0%=*"# %+8# '():"0/0/&"3# !$"+# f"(1/2# -%2# >(1)"8;# 4")0"'# $%8# =1(<,$0# /+# i# )/**/(+# 1"&"+<";# LZ#(># /0# >1()#456573#D.# 0$"# "+8#(># MNNK#f"(1/2#-(<*8# 1"8<'"# /02# 1"*/%+'"#(+#45657# 0(#(+*.#WNZ#(># /02# 1"&"+<"#,"+"1%0/(+3# T0# %/)"8# 0(# %'Q</1"# )(1"# +"-# '<20()"12# >1()# 8/>>"1"+0# /+8<201/"2# %+8# 0(# /+'1"%2"# 0$"/1# 1"&"+<"# '(+01/=<0/(+#0(#WNZ#=.#0$"#"+8#(>#MNNV3#H+(0$"1#'1<'/ %*#&%*<"#f"(1/2#=1(<,$0#0(# 45657# -%2# /+>(1)%0/(+# %=(<0# $(-# (0$"1# /+8<201/"2RR- $"1"# 45657P2# '<20()"12;#2<::*/"12#%+8#%**/%+'"#:%10+"12#'%)"#>1()RR(
  • 41. :"1%0"83#S<'$#?+(-*"8,"# -(<*8# ="# &"1.# <2"><*# >(1# 8"&"*(:/+,# +"-# =<2/+"22# /+/0/%0/&"2# -/0$# 0$")# /+# 0$"# &/10<%*#-(1*83## 49f"0-(1?2#%*2(# *%<+'$"8#0-(#+"-#/+/0/%0/&"23#U/120;# /+#J<+"#MNNK;#49f"0-(1?2# %'Q</1"8# Z# (-+"12$/:# (># 4(S/0";# %# 8"&"*(:"1# (># T+0"1+"0R=%2"8# *(,/20/'2# :1(8<'02#- /0$#N#"):*(.""23#4(S/0"#*%0"1#'%)"#<+8"1#0$"#f"(1/2#<)=1 "**%#-/0$#0$"# +%)"#f"(1/2# @(,/20/'23# D%2"8# /+# U*(1/8%# %+8# >(<+8"8# /+# KLLX;# 4(S/0"# 0%1,"0"8# '%11/"12#0$%0#>%'"8#0$"#2%)"#8/201/=<0/(+#'$% **"+,"2#4 5657#8/8RR$(-#0(#8"%*#-/0$# *%20R)/+<0"#'%+'"**%0/(+2#=.#'<20()"12;#$(-# 0(#8"*/&"1#(+# 0/)"#%+8#$(-# 0(# *(%8# 01<'?2#%2#><**#%2#:(22/=*"3#I$"#&%*<"#4(S/0"#'(<*8#=1/ +,#0(#'<20()"12#-%2#0(#(>>"1# 0((*2#>(1#/+>(1)%0/(+#%''"22#0(#/+'1"%2"#<0/*/A%0/( +#(># 0$"#01<'?#>*""03#I$"#'<11"+0# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#K#R# T6YRVRNLV# <0/*/A%0/(+#1%0"#/+#8"&"*(:/+,#'(<+01/"2#2<'$#%2#6"9/'(#'
  • 42. (<*8#="#%2#*(-#%2#NZ;#%2# (::(2"8#0(#Z#0(#LNZ#/+#0$"#`S3KX#T02#>/120#:1(8<'0#- %2#H'0/&"I1%';#8"&"*(:"8# /+# '(+_<+'0/(+# -/0$# G.8"1;# 0$"# `SP2# *"%8/+,# 0$/18R:%10.# *(,/20/'2# :1(&/8"13# I$"# :1(8<'0# -%2# %+# /+&"+0(1.R/+R)(0/(+# )%+%,")"+0# 0((*# 0(# 1"8<'"# 0$"# '(20# (># )%0"1/%*2# *(20#%+8# 0(# /+'1"%2"#&/2/=/*/0.#(>#$/,$R&%*<"# /+&"+0(1.#-$/*"# /+#)(0/(+3# H'0/&"I1%'#- %2#/+'(1:(1%0"8#/+#G.8"1P2#"+0"1:1/2"#2(*<0/(+23# S"'(+8;#/+#J<*.#MNNK;#49f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cB()"# Y":(0;d# "9/20"8;# 0$".# 0%1,"0"8# /+8/&/8<%*# $()"=</*8"123# H1?/(# 0%1,"0"8# '(+201<'0/(+# :1(>"22/(+%*2# %+8# (>>"1"8# 8/>>"1"+0# '$%++"*2#>(1#'<20()"1#2%0/2>%'0/(+]#- (1?#'"+0"12;#%#'%**#'"+0"1#%+8#%#01%+2%'0/(+%*# -"=2/0"3# 5%'$#-(1?# '"+0"1;#-$/'$#-%2# %=(<0# aNN# 2Q3)# /+# 2/A";# $"*8# 2%):*"2# (>#
  •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f"0-(1?2# $%8# )%8"# %# 2/,+/>/'%+0# ?+(-*"8,"# '(+01/=<0/(+# 0(# /02# "+01":1"+"<1/%*#:%1"+03#I$"#+"0-(1?/+,#49f"0- (1?2#$%8#>%'/*/0%0"8#-/0$#8/>>"1"+0# /+8<201/"2# 0$%0#-"1"#+(0# 01%8/0/(+%*#:%10+"12#(>#%#'")"+0#'():%+.#- (<*8#%*2(#="# &"1.#&%*<%=*"3#I$"#Q<"20/(+#-%2#$(- #0(#*"&"1%,"#0$"2"#%22"023# ;RL+AQIQDL+?CIR+IJ+*EJWCE+*DJ^IR+ T+# 0$"#'(+>"1"+'"# 1(()# /+#45657P2#$"%8Q<%10"12# /+#6(+0"11".RR(&"1*((?"8#=.# 0$"# '/0.P2# 2.)=(*;# 0$"# 201/?/+,# S%88*"# 6(<+0%/+RR0$"# 2"+/(1# "9"'<0/&"# 0"%)# 1"&/"- "8#0$"#:"1>(1)%+'"#(>#45657P2#'(1"#=<2/+"22RR'")"+0RR% +8#0$"#:1(,1"22# (>#49f"0-(1?23#!/0$#0$"#'(+01/=<0/(+#(>#49f"0- (1?2;#0$".#$%8#+<)"1(<2#(:0/(+2# >(1# ,1(-0$]# /+0"1+%0/(+%*# %'Q</2/0/(+2;# "R=<2/+"22#
  • 44. '(+2<*0/+,;# $(1/A(+0%*# DMD# "R :1('<1")"+0# :(10%*2;# 8/201/=<0/(+# *(,/20/'2# %+8# "9:%+2/(+# /+# 0$"# '(+201<'0/(+# /+8<201.3## I$"#2"+/(1#"9"'<0/&"#0"%)#%*2(#1"&/"- "8#0$"#01"+8#(>#0$"#,*(=%*#'")"+0#/+8<201.3# I$"# /+8<201.P2# '(+2(*/8%0/(+# $%8# %''"*"1%0"8# >1()# 2)%**# 0(# *%1,"# %'Q</2/0/(+23# I(0%*#:1(8<'0/(+#'%:%'/0.#(>#0$"#0(:#>/&"#:*%."12#$%8#/+' 1"%2"8#>1()#K[[#)/**/(+# )"01/'#0(+2#FKKZ#(>#- (1*8#:1(8<'0/(+#'%:%'/0.O#/+#KLLN#0(# aa#)/**/(+#)"01/'#0( +2# ################################################# KX#S(<1'"]#'():%+.#/+>(1)%0/(+3# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#Ka#R# T6YRVRNLV# FVLZ# (># -(1*8# :1(8<'0/(+# '%:%'/0.O# /+# MNNK3KL# I$"# 0(:# >/&"# :*%."12# $%8# 2/,+/>/'%+0*.#:"+"01%0"8# 0$"#)%1?"02# /+#f(10$#H)"1/'%;#!"20"1+#5<1(:";#4"+01%*# H)"1/'%# %+8# 0$"# 4%1/=="%+;# $%&/+,# WKZ# '%:%'/0.# 2$%1"# /+# f(10$# H)"1/'%# %+8#
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  • 46. Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#KW#R# T6YRVRNLV# 2[RGWGI+S+ 12"23_H+AGNCNMGCE+!NPJDKCIGJN+J-LD+S&+`LCDH+ + + S''&# 0&&&+ @LI+HCELH+)=>a+KGEEGJN,+ K;VN# ;aMK# 27!;#80S+)=>a+KGEEGJN,+ VM[# M;NVN# 27!;#8+KCDOGN+ M[3XZ# Va3KZ# 6LDCIGNO+PDLL+MCHR+PEJ^00++ )=>a+KGEEGJN,+ #FKaNO# ##LaN# "CbJDGIF+NLI+GNMJKL++ )=>a+KGEEGJN,+ K[X# LLL# AGNCNMGCE+EL-LDCOL0%+ [3# V3N# 1JQNIDGLH+^GIR+JLDCIGJNH+ M# VN# S(<1'"]#4():%+.#/+>(1)%0/(+ ################################################# MK#5DTIYH#F(:"1%0/+,#'%2$#>*(- O#/2#"%1+/+,2#=">(1"#/+0"1"20;#0%9"2;#8":1"'/%0/(+#%+8#
  • 47. %)(10/A%0/(+3# MM#Y">/+"8#%2#5DTIYH#*"22#+"0#>/+%+'/%*#"9:"+2";#)% /+0"+%+'"#'%:/0%*#"9:"+8/0<1"2;#0%9"2#:%/8;#+"0# - (1?/+,#'%:/0%*#/+&"20)"+0;#8/&/8"+82#%+8#(0$"1#'%2$#/0" )23### MV#Y">/+"8#%2#+"0#8"=0#8/&/8"8#=.#5DTIYH#>(1#0$"#:1" &/(<2#KM#)(+0$23# For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#KX#R# T6YRVRNLV# 2[RGWGI+0+ !NZQHIDF_H+AGNCNMGCE+<GOREGORIH+ # # 5CPCDOL+ !"#$%&+ 12"23 <LGZLEWLDOLD+ !ICEMLKLNIG+ 8NNQCE+DJZQMIGJN+MCCMGIF+ )cQNL+0&&S,)KGEEGJN+IJNH,+ KaN# KKN# WX### Wa# # 1JQNIDGLH+^GIR+JLDCIGJNH' )cQNL+0&&S,+ WN# WN# VN# N# K# 0&&&[email protected]+HCELH+)=>a+WGEEGJN,+ KN3#
  • 48. W3L# 3a# a3[# V3# 0&&&+27!;#8+)=>a+WGEEGJN,+ M3N# K3L# M3N# K3M# N3[# d+1RCNOL+GN+NLI+HCELH++ )S'''V0&&&,+ rKaZ# rK[3LZ rKa3WZ ra3aZ# rKV3aZ# d+1RCNOL+GN+JLDCIGNO+DJPGI++ )S'''V0&&&,+ rKa3LZ rKW3VZ rK3MZ rVZ# ra3MZ# d+1RCNOL+GN+NLI+GNMJKL+ )S'''V0&&&,+ rXZ# r3XZ# r[3WZ# rVW3[Z# rMNZ# 1CCMGIF+18*9e+)S''&V0&&S,+ KVZ# XZ# K[Z# KZ# KMZ# 27!;#8+18*9+)S''&V0&&&,+ XZ# XZ# MNZ# KWZ# KaZ# ;>9ee+18*9+)S''&V0&&S,+ KXZ# MMZ# MMZ# [Z# MZ# # s4HeG#t#4():(<+8#%++<%*#,1(-0$#1%0"# ss#ISG#t#I(0%*#2$%1"$(*8"12#1"0<1+# # S(<1'"2]#T+8/&/8<%*#'():%+.#/+>(1)%0/(+# =/%*6"$0(.*0#,%/&,+*0(U(D/+:2+01(<$,"%+$:#(V(D%+21+01 (,'"(W$6;#HDfRH6GE#G"2"%1'$;#J<+"# MNNK3# L$,+0()@"%+&$(D/+:2+01(<$,"%+$:#;#`DS#!%1=<1,#e*(=%*
  • 49. #5Q</0.#G"2"%1'$;#J<+"#MK;#MNNK3# # ## For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L #
  • 71. ? T H) =# !8 '5 = 1 >* %( For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#MN#R# T6YRVRNLV# 2[RGWGI+U+ 12"23_H+9JHILD+JP+!NILDNCIGJNCE+8MgQGHGIGJNH+ + 5CIL+ S'T&H+ `S# H'Q</1"8#'")"+0#:1(8<'"12#/+#H1/A(+%#%+8#4%*/>(1+/%# S''0+ S:%/+# H'Q</1"8# S:%/+P2# 0-(# )(20# /):(10%+0# '")"+0# :1(8<'"12RR h%*"+'/%+%#%+8#S%+2(+RR'1"%0/+,#%#20/1#%)(+,#>/+%+' /%*#%+%*.202#
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  • 74. For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N A T I O N A L # R#M K# R#
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  • 91. C% 8) 7% #8 $0 %# (4; 3< .$ *$ 8$0 %* : )A $3 0 For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. I N T E R N
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  • 109. ) #b #2 )* $9 % # 6 79 #% $- #8 $0 % # 5 ) #b #2 )* $9 % # For the exclusive use of Q. yang, 2022. This document is authorized for use only by Qianrui yang in Copy of MGMT 6140: Managing Digitization and Transformation-1 taught by T Ravichandran, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Troy from Aug 2022 to Feb 2023. (Melanie)An entity is a real-world object, such as a customer, a car, a class, or a student. (Coronel.) A relationship is an association between entities, identified with a verb: a customer buys a car and a student takes a class. Relationships between entities operate in both directions - a car is bought by a customer and a class is taken by many students. In a one-to-