5. Toxic ions pollutants affect on the environment and also on human health
Metallic mercury vapors and organic mercury derivatives affect
many different areas of the brain, heart, kidney and stomach 1
Estimated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
that the total mercury released into the environment reaches ∼7,500 tons per year 2
WHO have recommended the level of Hg(II) must be 2 μg/L in drinking water 3
Mercury is used in the electrolytic production of chlorine, in electrical appliances, in
dental amalgams and as a raw material for various mercury compounds
Environmentally, mercury occurs through a variety of natural including oceanic and
volcanic emissions, gold mining, solid waste 2
4
6. Sulfide can regulate blood pressure, heart, nervous system and
bacterial protection of Sulphur present proteins and amino acids
Notably, S2- combine with protons to form HS- or H2S has caught
up in many serious health problems 4
However, irregular levels of S2- in biological system cause severe problems such as
diabetes, respiratory paralysis, liver cirrhosis and Alzheimer’s disease 5
Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react
with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids.
Environmentally, Sulfide occurs through a variety of spring, surface and wastewater
Monitoring the dangerous level of Hg2+ and S2- in biological and water samples is
great importance in biological and environmental fields 6 5
7. 6
Metal nanoclusters consist of a small
number of atoms, at most in the tens
Nanoclusters contains either of a single
or of multiple elements and size is less
than 2 nm 7
Researches have been focused in the
field of gold and silver nanoclusters. But
fluorescent copper nanocluster is less
cost, high photo luminance, bio
compatible and easy synthesis
procedure 8
11. (A) UV-vis spectra of (a) Cu (NO3)2, (b) AA, (c) Cu (NO3)2 + AA, (d) TG, (e) Cu (NO3)2 + AA + TG and (f) TG-CuNCs. (B)
Day light and (C) Under UV light Corresponding photographs of (a-f). 9
10
(A)
(B)
(C)
12. (a) UV-vis and (b) fluorescence spectra of TG-CuNCs (λex:350; λem:430 nm). Inset: Photograph of
TG-CuNCs under (a) day light and (b) UV light. 9
11
13. UV-vis spectra of (a) freshly prepared and (b) 2-months aged CuNCs. Inset: (a) and (b), Photograph of
corresponding CuNCs.
12
15. HR-TEM images of TG-CuNCs with (A) 50 nm and (B) 20 nm magnifications. Inset: Particle size histogram.
The obtained TG-CuNCs are well dispersed spherical like shape and the range of particles diameter was
calculated to be 2.58 ± 0.03 nm by HR-TEM. 14, 15, 16, 17 11
114
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
0
10
20
30
40
Frequency
Particle size (nm)
(A) (B)
16. (A) HR-TEM of image of TG-CuNCs, (B) Selected area diffraction pattern of TG-CuNCs.
The obtained TG-CuNCs are crystal lattice was calculated to be 0.21 nm by HR-TEM. 18, 19
11
115
(A) (B)
17. Effect of Time: (A) CuNCs in the presence of 1.5 × 10-6 M Hg2+ [3 mins], (B) CuNCs in the presence of 1.5 × 10-6 M
S2- [5 mins] at different time Vs relative intensity.
116
Hg2+
S2-
(A) (B)
19. Emission spectra of CuNCs in the presence of different concentration Hg2+ (a) 0, (b) 0.5, (c) 1.0, (d) 1.5, (e) 2.0, (f)
2.5, (g) 3.0, (h) 3.5, (i) 4.0, (j) 4.5 and (k) 5.0×10-6 M Hg2+. Inset: (i) straight line curve (ii) Photographs of UV light
(a) before and (k) after the addition 5.0×10-6 M of Hg2+. 118
LOD = 1.70 nM
Hg2+
20. 119
Absorbance spectra of CuNCs in the presence of different concentration Hg2+ (a) 0, (b) 1.0, (c) 2.0, (d) 3.0, (e) 4.0,
(f) 5.0, (g) 6.0 and (h) 7.0×10-6 M Hg2+. Inset: Enlarge scale 20
21. 120
Emission spectra of CuNCs in the presence of different concentration S2- (a) 0, (b) 0.5, (c) 1.0, (d) 1.5, (e) 2.0, (f)
2.5, (g) 3.0, (h) 3.5, (i) 4.0, (j) 4.5 and (k) 5.0, (l) 5.5×10-6 M S2-. Inset: (i) straight line curve (ii) Photographs of UV
light (a) before and (l) after the addition 5.5×10-6 M of S2-.
LOD = 1.02 nM
S2-
22. 121
Absorbance spectra of CuNCs in the presence of different concentration S2- (a) 0, (b) 1.0, (c) 2.0, (d) 3.0, (e) 4.0,
(f) 5.0, (g) 6.0, (h) 7.0×10-6 M S2-. 21
24. (i) 1.08×10-3M (720 fold) of
common interferences such as
Na+, K+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Fe2+,
Ni2+, Mn2+,
(ii) 9.00×10-4M (600 fold) of
common interferences such as
Fe3+, Mg2+, Co2+,
(iii) 1.84×10-3M (1229 fold) of
common interferences such as
Br-, F-, Cl-, I-, HPO4
-, AcO-, NO2
-,
SO4
2-, NO3
-, SCN-, CO3
-, SCN-
above mention common
potential interference did not
interact for the detection of 1.5
× 10-6M of Hg2+ and S2-.
21
123
26. 25
We have successfully synthesized TG-CuNCs at room
temperature within 1 min
The synthesized TG-CuNCs was well characterized by several
techniques
Then, TG-CuNCs was used as probe for the detection of Mercury
and Sulfide corresponding LOD was found to be 1.70 and 1.02
nM
600 to 1229-fold excess of common interferences did not
interfere for the detection of 1.5 µM Mercury and Sulfide ions
Finally we have discuss possible mechanism of detection
Mercury and Sulfide ions
27. 26
TG in the presence of different concentration of Mercury
and Sulfide monitoring UV-vis spectrophotometer
Future characterisation XRD and DLS spectroscopy
Then, Sensor system applying real sample analysis
Preparation of paper based kit
Smart phone based validation method