Native American Group 5

1. NATIVE AMERICANS
The Native Identity

2. Identity through Land
• Part of the American Identity is
the opportunity to own land and
do as you wish with it
• The Native Americans lack of
acknowledging land ownership
gave the opportunity for early
settlers to negotiate for land with
goods (Native/European
Economics. Dir. Jared Haas. Perf.
Jared Haas. 2015. Youtube)
Boundless. Boundless U.S.
History. 2 June 2015. Web. Ch 1
Sec 5 Pg 2

3. Trade Influences
The natives and early settlers also
practiced a trade for “Wampum” or a
chain of Native American beads and
shells. This influenced the identity
of early settlers by integrating them
with the Indians monetary practices.
(Haas)
These practices led to animosity and
war over trade that shaped the early
settlers opinions towards Natives that
may have led to the continued
conflicts even into the founding of
America. (Native/European
Economics. Dir. Jared Haas. Perf.
Jared Haas. 2015. Youtube)
Boundless. Boundless U.S.
History. 2 June 2015. Web. Ch 2
Sec 5 Pg 5

4. Agricultural Progress
In the early settlements of modern
day America, the negotiations
between natives and settlers led to
the exchange of North American
Indian farming practices that
allowed Europeans to survive
(Haas). In exchange metal
products that the Indians were
interested in were provided.
The American Identity may not
have came about had it not been
for the early help from the Natives
Boundless. Boundless U.S. History. 2 June
2015. Web. Ch 2 Sec 8 Pg 5
(Native/European Economics. Dir. Jared Haas.
Perf. Jared Haas. 2015. Youtube)

5. Revolutionary Influence
Boundless. Boundless U.S. History. 2 June
2015. Web. Ch 2 Sec 8 Pg 5 & Ch 4 Sec 6 Pg 1
In the Revolution both the British
and the Americans tried to gain
alliance with Native tribes for their
effort. The result for the lands east
of the Mississippi that Britain
seceded to America was therefore
treated as the profits of war, even
though the natives there were not
included in the deal. This shaped
the American idea of manifest
destiny that was fundamental to
the Identity at the time.

6. Nativism
• Taking its name from the Native Americans, Nativists believed
that they were the true Native Americans.
• This idea was upheld despite the fact that these nativists were
born by immigrants.
• The lack of consideration shows the American Identity in the
1830’s through 50’s was able to alienate the true natives,
despite their actual lineages in North America.
• Natives impact on the American identity was relatively
disregarded by this political sect
Boundless. Boundless U.S.
History. 2 June 2015. Web. Ch 5
Sec 11 Pg 4

7. Iroquois Nation Influence
• The founding documents of America were influenced by the Iroquo
Nation of Upstate New York
• This includes both the Articles of confederation and the US
Constitution (Boundless, Ch 3 Sec 11 Pgs 2&3)

8. Iroquois Confederacy
• The Influence of these
documents indicates that
Native Americans
influenced the
fundamental foundation
of this nation
• This in turn can be
argued that the
fundamental identity
that the founding fathers
strived for was directly
influenced by native
Americans
(Boundless, Ch 3 Sec 12 Pg 1)

9. Iroquois Nation
• “The Iroquois Confederacy and its ultimate fate may have influenced
negotiations at the Continental Congress in 1787.”
Boundless, Ch 3 Sec 15 Pg 3
The influence by the native Americans on the American Identity is also
present in the 2nd Continental Congress & therefore the Declaration of
Independence
(Boundless, Ch 3 Sec 5 Pg 1)
The Second Continental Congress

10. Six Point Plan
• “George Washington and Henry Knox believed that Native Americans were
equals to Europeans” (Boundless, Ch 3 Sec 15 Pg 3)
• However he thought there way of life inferior and came up with a six point
plan to civilize them
(Boundless, Ch 3
Sec 15 Pg 3)

11. Six Point Plan
This inclusion of the Native
Americans by Washington
continues the argument that the
founding fathers looked at the
Natives as part of the American
Identity
“The Civilization Fund Act of 1819
promoted this civilization policy
by providing funding to societies
(mostly religious) who worked on
Native American improvement”
(Boundless, Ch 3 Sec 15 Pg 3)
(Boundless, Ch 3 Sec 6 Pg 1)

12. Native American
Economy
By: James Clark

13. Indian Country
“Indian Country” which is shown in red on the map
was the amount of land the United States claimed
ownership of when they won their revolution
against Great Britain. They justified claiming the
land because they fought with the French against
the Brits and the colonies. Since
they lost, the Americans believe
that gives them the right to take
and own their land. This land they claimed was
all Indian lands west of the
Appalachians.

14. Indian Country
With the lands taken and owned by the United States
from the Indians this opened up the opportunity of
settlers to move out west to plot new boarders, farms,
and towns. To protect the Indians still living there and
other areas the government passed several laws,
Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the Commerce Clause of
the U.S. Constitution, and the Indian Trade and
Intercourse Act of 1890. These three actions are to
protect and work with the Natives in good faith. However
they soon became a problem due to Euro-Americans that
wanted to expand all the way to the Pacific ocean.

15. Trading of Land
One of the great economical agreements the United States and
Natives had was their value of land. May tribes did refuse to give
up or sell their land. However, a few decided to take advantage of
the idea of American expansion and its sovereignty.
The Cherokee relinquished most of their land
to the United States and Embraced most
European life while living their traditional
ways. However a lot of the Cherokee
(and others) were still forcefully removed
when they refused land.

16. Foods/Crops
Among with the high importance of trading land and seizing it.
The natives had a wide variety of domesticated plants that they
grew to eat that they spread around the world. The famous ones
are corn (maize), potatoes, pumpkins, tomatoes, chili peppers and
many types of beans. With this, it changed the diets of people all
around the world.

17. Animals
Their food/crop choice wasn’t the only thing that really helped
pave a way for our trade to other nations. The animals as well
were high trade values. They raised and knew how to hunt
several specimens of turkeys, llamas, guinea pigs, and honey
bees. When traded or discovered how to hunt/scavenge, the
animals became great trade or farm items.

18. Cash Crops
The Natives also had a large understanding of other crops and
their importance. Two most popular ones that later help largely
stimulate the American economies were Tobacco and Cotton
plants. Cotton was very important for clothing and other
materials while tobacco was used for smoking and other
products. Both had a large impact in the future economy of the
nation. Cotton plantations became largely popular in the
1800’s and was the one of the United State’s largest export.

19. Valuables and Laborers
Indian labor in North American fur trade contributed significantly
to the wealth of the United States, England and even France.
Unfortunately as well, the land some Indian tribes settled near
were hotspots for gold miners and were either hired as cheap
labor or forced to move from the area.

20. Technology
Last but not least is the technology difference. The natives
technology was still based in the stone age, stone axes and such.
When Euro-Americans arrived they both traded together not just
knowledge of plantations, hunting, etc. Some tribes saw value in
firearms and other metal simplicity's (such as metal pots or
silverware). However a lot of others decided against this and
continued traditional values (such as bows and axes and pottery).

21. Group Participation
• As a group, Mark, Tim and I have worked very effectively
upon our group assignments. We have worked together
accordingly, professionally and have always decided who does
what responsibly. In this project, I was given the pleasure to
work on how the Native Americans influenced the Economy
of the United States.

22. Work Cited
• “American Indian Issues” Narrative Historical
Overview. N.D, N.A, americanindiantah.com 9
April, 2016
• “Native American Contributions” Teachers
Article, 2016, N.A, scholastic.com 9 April, 2016

23. NATIVE AMERICANS
THE POLITICAL AFFAIRS

24. Establishment of the Bureau of
Indian Affairs
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was founded in 1824 by John C.
Calhoun Secretary of War. BIA was created within the War Department.
To oversee the BIA Calhoun selected Thomas McKenney as the Bureau’s
first leader. McKenney was responsible for treaty negotiations, regulate
Indian trade, oversee Indian schools, and deal with all the expenses and
correlation concerning Indian affairs (“U.S. History. com”).
(“Bing images.com”)

25. 1830 Indian Removal Act
President Andrew Jackson created a law The Indian Removal Act
on May 28, 1830. This new law called for the removal of all
Indian tribes from their territories to relocate west of the
Mississippi River. Some refused to go which caused guerrilla
wars (Boundless, Ch.4 Sec. 15). In 1831 the first Indian nation to
be expelled were the Choctaws. Without any food, supplies or
other help from the government thousands of people died along
the way. It was, one Choctaw leader who said, “A trail of tears
and death.” As the process of the Indian-removal continued the
federal government drove the Creeks from their land in 1836.
3,500 of the 15,000 Creeks who set out for Oklahoma did not
survive the trip (“History. Com.).

26. 1823 Johnson v. M’Intosh
Thomas Johnson, purchased land from the Piankeshaw
Indian tribes between 1773 and 1775. William M'Intosh
purchased the same land from the United States Congress in
1818. Johnsons’ sued M’Intosh to re-claim their land. The ruling
was in favor of M’Intosh because he had a legal title granted by
Congress. Whereas the Piankeshaw Indians didn’t own land.
The Supreme Court upheld this on the grounds of “Doctrine of
Discovery.” The cases of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) and
Worcester v. Georgia (1832) also took away the rights and
freedoms of the Native Indians. These were known as the
Marshall Trilogy cases that reinforced the federal land-taking
powers (“American Indian Issues”).

27. 1838/9 Trail of Tears
The Cherokee nation petitioned through the courts for
their independence and freedom. May of 1838 President Jackson
sent 6,000 federal and state troops into Cherokee nation. On May
26th the start of capturing and removing16,000 Cherokees began
(NTIRNPS, 2013). Despite their insistence for independence
from government power the Cherokee Tribe were forced to from
their Indian territory in 1838. They were marched over 800 miles
and over 2000 died as a result of the rugged passage. The
journey to the Indian territory is famously known as the “Trail of
Tears” because more than ten thousand died of disease and
starvation (Boundless, Ch. 4 Sec.15). More than 70,000 Indians
in the U.S. were forced from their homelands.

28. Trail of Tears
(“Bing images.com”)

29. 1873-1874 Buffalo Wars
1873-74 Buffalo War: Some tribes of Plains Indians tried to save
the last herds of buffalo in Texas and Oklahoma from the white
hunters by force of arms because the decreasing number of
buffaloes (1890 only about 550 animals left from 50 million in
1800) threatened the survival of many tribes. The will to resist the
Europeans was weakened (also by epidemics of smallpox and
measles that wiped out whole tribes) so the American Indians
were easily forced to sign contracts in which they agreed to leave
their land to the USA (“U.S. History. Com”).

30. 1874
1874 Gold was found in the Black Hills (part of the
“Great Sioux Reservation” in South Dakota). The government
planned a separation from the reservation and an immediate
relocation of the Indians in this area. This led to the Indian Wars.
In the Battle of Little BigHorn General Custer and all his men
were killed. This led to the U.S. government to declare the Fort
Laramie Treaty invalid due to Indian uprising. The Sioux were
given a document to sign that gave the U.S. the Black Hills and
22.8 million acres of land. Red Cloud and his chiefs signed
under duress thus ending the Great Sioux Reservation
(“American Indian Issues”).

31. 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty
In 1866 Red Cloud leader of the Sioux declared war
stating, "I will go - now! - and I will fight you! As long as I live I
will fight you for the last hunting grounds of my people”
(“American Indian Issues”). Two years later the forts were
abandoned and a US peace commission met with Red Cloud. On
Nov. 6, 1868, the Fort Laramie Treaty was signed guaranteeing
the Sioux, "... absolute and undisturbed use of the Great Sioux
Reservation...No persons...shall ever be permitted to pass over,
settle upon, or reside in territory described in this article, or
without consent of the Indians...No treaty for the cession of any
portion or part of the reservation herein described...shall be of
any validity or force...unless executed and signed by at least
three-fourth of all adult male Indians, occupying or interested in
the same“(“American Indian Issues”).

32. 1890 Sitting-Bull
After the Battle of Little Bighorn the U.S. Army forced
Sitting Bull to flee to Canada. Facing starvation Sitting Bull
returned to the U.S. in 1881 where he surrendered. Two years as
a prisoner of war he was permitted to live at Standing Rock
Reservation. He was feared by government officials because of
his influence and courage with the Sioux nation not to give up
their lands. The rise of the Ghost Dance, a tribal religion that
proclaimed that all whites would disappear and dead Indians and
buffalo would return, brought him into disfavor with government
officials. In 1890 he made no effort to stop the dancing at
Standing Rock. When Indian police were sent to arrest him on
December 15, 1890, Sitting-Bull was murdered which marked
the ending of the Indian wars (“History. com”).

33. Sitting Bull
(“Bing images.com”)

34. 1890 Wounded Knee
In 1890 during Wounded Knee massacre about 300 Indians were
killed by the US army, among the victims there were mainly
women, elders and children.
(“Bing images.com”)

35. 1898 Curtis Act
Another congressional law, enacted June 28, 1898, was sponsored
by Charles Curtis. With the passage of the Curtis Act, Congress
took final control over affairs in Indian Territory. This Act
diminish and disbanded Indian Territory tribal governments,
abolished tribal courts, and subjected all persons in the territory
to federal law. There could be no enforcement of tribal laws and
any tribal legislation passed after 1898 had to be approved by the
president of the United States. This was the final step by
Congress to deprive the American Indians of self government and
sovereign control over tribal lands (“U.S. History. com”)

36. Life of the Native American
For many tribes, the
bureau has represented
mistrust, fraud, and
cultural destruction; for
the national government it
has represented both the
goal of fair dealing and
the reality of
mistreatment.
(“Bing images.com”)

37. Group Participation
It is a pleasure working together with Tim and James. I
work on the political issues of the Native Americans. Starting
with the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1823 to the Curtis Act 1998

38. Work Cited
U.S. History. Bureau of Indian Affairs. United States History,
(n.d.). Web. 8 April 2016.
History. com. Sitting Bull. History. com. (n.d.)Web 8 April 2016
History. com. Trail of Tears. History. com. (n.d.)Web 8 April
2016
NTIRNPS. Trail of Tears National Historic Trail. Apr 18, 2013
American Indian Issues. 19th Century Indian Relations with the
United States. (N.D.) Web. 8 April 2016.
Bing Images. Images of pictures native americans. (n.d.) Web 9
April 2016