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2. Learning Theory By Laine Pitters and Maranda Towes

3. Key Ideas The study of how people learn Early experiences have greater impact than later ones Positive upbringing results in a positive individual whereas a negative upbringing results in a negative individual Learning is mostly just imitation

4. Pavlov vs. Bandura Pavlov theorized that learning was only a stimulus-response Experimented with animals’ learning abilities to support his theory Bandura theorized that learning is more complicated Studied a “follow-the-leader” tendency in children

5. Bandura’s Famous Experiment Showed young children film portraying violence or kindness towards a clown doll Later observed the children when the doll was placed in front of them Results resembled what they were shown

6. German school teacher named Willhelm von Osten believed he could teach a horse the same way he taught children He used the same tools used during the time by German schools such as repetition, flash cards etc. The experiment was conducted over a 4 year time period, his horse “Clever” Hans could answer almost any question in school subjects By the end of the 4 years, Hans could answer any question correctly spanning from geography to math “Clever” Hans

7. His Faults Two sceptical psychologists wanted to disprove his theory by eliminating possible factors that interfered with the results Upon observation, they learned that von Osten was hinting at the correct or incorrect response while asking the questions The horse needed to be able to see the cues in order to answer the questions This proved that this was a stimulus response as apposed to true learning

8. Applications in Society In schools, we start with the basics of learning and gradually build off of them as age increases The elders are expected to set a good example for those younger than them Humans by nature are dependant learners

9. Weaknesses and Criticisms People who act non-accordingly to their upbringing or environment Theorists try to summarize it but because it is such a vast field, they are often criticized Psychologists argue on the complexity of learning itself