3. • Athletics, also known as track and field , is a collection of
sports events that involve running, throwing and jumping.
The name is derived from the Greek word "Athlon"
meaning "contest".
• Athletics was the original event at the first Olympics in
776 BC where the only event held was the stadium-length
foot race or "stade" and the winner of that event and the
first-ever Olympic winner was KOROIBOS of ELIS.
Athletics were present at the Panhellenic Games that
were held in Greece and from there the ideas and
the main concepts of Athletics spread to Italy around
the year 200 BC.
4.
5. • During this period, the first national athletics associations have
been established, and shortly after that first national competitions
took place. Among the first associations that organized such
competitions was the Amateur Athletic Association of England who
in 1880 organized the annual Championship. Even before England,
the New York Athletic Club from the United States organized
the first USA Outdoor Track and Field Championship back in 1876.
6. • The International Association of Athletics Federations is
the worldwide governing body for track and field events,
and athletics as a whole and founded back in July 17,
1912 at Stockholm, Sweden.
• Associations at the national, state and local level
generally follow IAAF rules, though modifications can
exist.
• The Philippine Amateur Track and Field Association
(PATAFA) is the national governing body for athletics
sports such as track and field, road running, cross
country running, and race walking in the Philippines.
8. • Track and field (also known as track and field sports,
track and field athletics, or commonly just track) is
a sport comprising various competitive athletic
contests based around the activities of running,
jumping and throwing. The name of the sport
derives from the venue for the competitions:
a stadium which features an oval running track
surrounding a grassy area. The throwing and
jumping events generally take place within the central
enclosed area.
THE TRACK AND FIELD
9. • Records are kept of the best performances in
specific events, at world and national levels, right
down to a personal level. However, if athletes are
deemed to have violated the event's rules or
regulations, they are disqualified from the
competition and their marks are erased. The
athletes wear small clothes that make running
easier; men wear shorts and sleeveless shirts
while women wear swim-like suits.
13. CROUCH START
There are three main types of crouched starts.
BULLET START
The first type of sprint start is called a bullet or
bunch start .
• The toes of the back foot are about level with the
heel of the front foot .
• Both of the feet are placed well behind the
starting line. The toe to toe distance is said to
be 25 to 30 centimeters.
• In this start, your feet are closest together,
compared to the other starts. Because your feet are
close together, your legs and body are "bunched"
together. That is why it is called the bunched, or
bullet start.
14. MEDIUM START
• The second type of sprint start is
called medium start. In this the knee
of the back leg is opposite the front
foot.
• The toe to toe distance said to be
40 to 55 centimeters. In this start,
the feet are closer together than the
elongated start but farther apart
than the bullet start.
• Its in the middle. That's why it is
called the medium start, because
it is in between the other two.
15. ELONGATED START
• The third type of sprint start is
called the elongated start.
• The sprinter has their knee of the
back leg level, or slightly behind
the front foot's heel. The toe to
toe distance is 60 to 70
centimeters.
• In this start, your feet are spread
out farther than the other two.
Your back leg is stretched or
elongated, behind you.
17. SPRINT
Sprint Running (Athletics)
• Sprint running races are short distances races in which athletes try to run at
their maximum speed throughout the entire distance of the race. Sprint
races are part of the track and field discipline and are included in all events
that feature track and field competitions.
• The 400m oval running track is split into eight lanes, where each lane is 4ft
wide. Up to eight athletes compete in a single race. Competitions are
conducted in a heats format, where athletes in groups of eight take part in a
every race, with winners moving on to the next round, until the final winner is
decided.
• Sprint races can be of various distances from 50 - 400m. The three formats
used for the Olympics are: 100m, 200m and 400m. The 100m and 400m
races are also conducted in a relay format where a team of four each run a
leg and pass a baton from one runner to the next.
18. • For the 100m race all runners are lined up in a straight line in a track,
and for the 200m and 400m the start position is based on which lane the
athlete is on the track. The runner to first cross the finish line is the
winner. The time taken to finish the race for each athlete is also tracked
for historical record keeping.
19. MIDDLE DISTANCE
• Middle distance races are part of the track and field
discipline, usually the 800m and 1500m races, though
it encompasses all track running races from 800m up
to 3km such as the mile. Any longer races on the
track as referred to as long distance races, which
comprises of all running races of distances from 3km
up including the steeplechase.
• The 800m runners start the race in lanes, though they
merge together after about 100m to run along the
inside of the track. Longer middle distance races such
as the 1500m and mile races start with the runners
spread across the track in a line and they immediately
race to the inside of the track. As the runners are
not restricted to run in their own lane, it enables more
jockeying for position and for tactics to play a part,
making for exciting finishes to races.
20. LONG DISTANCE
• Endurance running, also referred to as long-distance running, is a sport of
the track and field discipline, which comprises of all running races of distances
from 3kms up to the marathon. The sport has recently been dominated by
runners from African countries, who hold the world records for all long distance
races.
• There are several distances for which long-distances races are conducted, of
which the most common are the, 5K, 10K, and the marathon (42.2K) races.
Some of the other types of endurance running that are less popular are, the half
marathon, ultra-marathon and cross-country running.
• In major competitions, the 5K and 10K races are mostly conducted on a track,
and the marathon races are conducted on city roads. The Olympics and the
World Championships both have races for all the three distances, for both men
and women.
21. • Though the 5K and 10K
races are only conducted as
part of a major event, every
year, several standalone
marathon races are held in
various cities around the
world, for both men and
women. In these races,
amateurs are also allowed to
take part along with
professional runners.
22. Road Events
MARATHON
The marathon is a race covering the
distance of 42.195 km, which was first run
by a Greek messenger in 490 BC.
RACEWALKING
Race walking is a popular event world
wide but it is usually only included in the
major competitions, including the
Olympics, the Commonwealth Games and
the IAAF Athletics World
Championships.
24. is the act of running and jumping over an
obstacle at speed.
• In the sport of athletics, hurdling forms the basis
of a number track and field events which are a
highly specialized form of obstacle racing.
• In these events, a series of barriers known as
hurdles are set at precisely measured heights
and distances which each athlete must pass by
running over.
25. • The placement of the hurdles depends on the
length of the race and the sex of the athlete.
• Ten hurdles are used in the 100-meter, 110- meter and
400-meter hurdle races.
• Men run the 110 races with 9.14 meters between
hurdles and women run the 100 races with 8.5
meters between hurdles, according to IAAF rules.
• Both men and women run the 400 races with 35
meters between hurdles.
26. • Not a pure hurdles event, the steeplechase
combines distance running and a different form of
hurdling.
• The 3000-meter race features no barriers on the
first lap. Each of seven subsequent laps includes
five hurdle jumps, one of which is followed
immediately by a water pit that slopes upwards.
• The better jumpers are rewarded by leaping into
shallower water. The race begins on a curved
starting line. Runners do not remain in lanes.
27. • Runners of the standard course face a total of 7 water jumps
and 28 hurdling jumps. Hurdles are 91.4 cm (36 inches) high, and
one of them, which has a top bar of 12.7 cm (5 inches), is
placed immediately in front of the water jump, which is 3.66 meters
(12 feet) long.
29. • Relay running is a type of running race in which athletes compete as a
team, rather than as individuals. The two most common relay races in
track and field are the 4 x 100m and the 4 x 400m races, in which four
athletes run 100m and 400m each respectively. The latest event to be
added to the athletics program is the mixed 4x400m (2 men, 2 women).
• The major aspect of a relay race is the baton. The first runner of each
team starts the race with a baton. After the first runner completes their
part of the run, the baton has to be passed on to the next runner in the
team. This continues until the final runner finishes the race with the baton
in hand.
• During each exchange the athlete receiving the baton is allowed to be in
motion before receiving the baton, but cannot go beyond 10m without the
baton. If any of the athlete drops the baton, or the runner exceeds the
10m limit, the team will be disqualified.
30. • Each runner completes their specified distance (referred to
as a leg) before handing over a baton to a team mate.
• There is usually a designated area where athletes
must exchange the baton.
• Teams may be disqualified if they fail to complete the
change within the area, or if the baton is dropped during
the race.
31. • A team may also be disqualified if its
runners are deemed to have willfully
impeded other competitors.
• In the shorter relay, each runner covers
100 meters; in the longer, 400 meters.
• Relays in which members run different
distances are called medley relays.
32. • For the 100m each relay, runners have to stay in their lane for the entire
race, whereas for the 400m race, the first runner stay in their lane, the
second runner moves into the inside lanes after running their first bend.
• Relay running is a part of the track and field events, and is contested during
the Olympic Games and the World Championships.
33. RULES IN RUNNING EVENTS
The runners should abide by the following rules in order to complete a race −
• Sprinters should run in designated lanes and cannot cross lanes, throughout
the race.
• In races with bunched starts, athletes can break inside. In 800-meter race, they start
from staggered positions and can break inside after the first bend.
• In longer races of 1500 meters, 5000 meters, and 10000 meters, athletes can
break inside after the start.
• Sprinters shouldn’t step on white lines that mark their lanes throughout the race.
• Sensors are placed in the starting pistol and at the blocks. In case of a false
start, the athlete is disqualified.
• Before giving the ‘set’ command or before firing the starter gun, athletes cannot touch
the other side of the start line with their hands or feet.
• Athletes should not obstruct other athletes during the race.
• If an athlete is obstructed, the referee may order the race to be held again, or he
may ask the athlete to take part in the next round.
• Athletes may leave the track voluntarily before the race ends, but they cannot.
34. TRACK DESIGN
Running competitions are held either on Outdoor Tracks or Indoor
Tracks.
Outdoor Tracks − Running races can be conducted both
indoors and outdoors. In international competitions, outdoor
tracks are oval shaped and they encompass the field used for
various field events.
Indoor Tracks −World indoor athletic championships are held in
indoor tracks. The indoor track is also an oval shaped track with
measurements similar to that of outdoors, but it has a 60-meter
straight track across the length of the oval. This is used for the 60-
meter sprint race.
35.
36. RUNNING - TERMS
Before knowing the rules and the procedure for racing, let’s get familiar with
some common terms used in this sport.
Starting Blocks −Starting blocks are provided at the starting points in most
sprint races. These blocks have sensors to record starting time and pressure.
They provide grip and help athletes to push themselves at the start.
False Start −Once the starting signal is given, players usually take more
than 0.1 seconds to respond to it and start running. A player who reacts
before 0.1 seconds is disqualified.
Starting lines −Starting lines are 50 mm wide lines in white that indicate the
starting point in a race. In a straight 100-meter race, the lines are all straight;
in the 200 meter and 400 meter race the lines are staggered or curved so
that each athlete runs equal distances to finish the race.
37. Finish line − The finish line is a 50 mm wide line marked
across the track. It usually is a straight line perpendicular to the
sides of the track and is at the straight part of the track. If it is
at the curved part of the track, it is marked along the radius.
Break lines − Break lines are 50 mm wide arced lines and
indicate the end of a bend. Small cones or prisms of any color
other than white are sometimes placed on the lines separating
lanes before the break lines start.
40. LONG JUMP
• Long jump is a sport of the track and field discipline in which athletes try to
leap forward as far as possible. The event is known to be part of ancient
Olympics, and has been a part of modern Olympics since its inception in
1896.
• To perform a long jump, athletes sprint down a runway and takeoff from a
wooden marker board which is about 8 inch wide, and travel as far as
possible in the air, before landing into a sand pit. No part of the athlete's
foot should cross the takeoff board, if it does, the jump is disqualified. After
the jump, the traceable mark on the sand pit, closest to the takeoff board is
used to measure the distance of the jump. Each athlete gets three
attempts in each round.
41. • Long jump competitions are part of all track and field events, the most
popular of which are the Olympics and the World Championships.
Competitions are conducted for both men and women in all events. The
men's world record as of 2015 was set by Mike Powell from the United
States, recording a 8.95 m jump, and the women's it is 7.52 m, set by
Galina Chistyakova.
42. RULES AND
REGULATIONS
Long Jump:
• The athlete begins running from his or her starting position and
jumps, landing in a sand pit. There is a foul line, in the run-up
area, that the athlete has to be aware of;
• Jumping from beyond this line results in a 'foul jump'. Jumpers try
to get as close to the foul line as legally possible before initiating
their jump.
• No part of the athlete's foot should cross the front edge of the foul
line. If, at the point of take-off, any part of his foot crosses the front
edge of the foul line, then the jump is termed to be illegal or a 'foul
jump', and does not count.
• The long jumper has three attempts to register his or her best legal
jump. A foul jump accounts for an attempt. Only the farthest legal
jump counts.
• The distance or the 'jump' is measured from the front edge of the
foul line to the first landing point of the athlete, from the first point
44. TRIPLE JUMP
• Triple jump is an athletic sport of the track and field discipline, in which
athletes get to take two steps before making the final jump. The first two
steps are also referred to as hop and step. The objective of the sport is to
cover as much distance as possible in the three leaps.
• A triple jump field consist of a runway path, a marker line to start the jump
from, and a sand pit about 14 feet away from takeoff line. To make the
jump, athletes sprint towards the takeoff mark and perform hop, step and
jump in one continuous sequence. All three aspects of the triple jump are
required to be performed in the correct foot sequence. The foot used for
takeoff should be used for landing of the first jump. The second jump
should land on the other foot, and the third jump has to be landed with both
feet together.
45. • If an athlete oversteps the takeoff mark or misses the foot sequence, the
jump is disqualified. Each athlete gets six attempts, and the athlete with
the longest jump is declared as the winner.
• Triple jump is an Olympic event and is conducted for both men and
women. World Championships and all other major athletic events also
feature triple jump competitions.
46. RULES AND
REGULATIONS
The rules for the triple jump are quite simple for an athlete. An athlete
simply needs to do the following.
• Start the jump before the board. If they go over the foul line on the
take-off board, the attempt will be discarded as a foul.
• When jumping, the athlete must land on the same foot used to take-
off (Hop).
• During the second phase, the athlete must land on the opposing foot
and initiate the third phase of the jump.
• The athlete can land in the sand.
• The measured distance will be measured from the closest mark in
the sand to the take-off point.
48. HIGH JUMP
• The high jump event is part of track and field. The participants attempts to
jump over a horizontal bar placed up high without the aid of any devices.
The winner is the athlete to successfully clear the highest bar height.
• The participants can begin jumping at any height which is announced by
the judge, they can also pass. They then have three attempts to clear the
height. If the height is cleared, they can them attempt the next height,
where they will have three more attempts. Once the jumper has three
consecutive misses, they are out of the competition and the highest height
they cleared is their result.
• The participants cannot take off on both feet; they must take off on one
foot. A failed jump is when the bar is dislodged by the action of the
participant while jumping. The style or technique the participants use must
be flawless so that they can have a chance of clearing a high bar.
49. • Special high jump footwear is often used for this event; the shoes have
thicker soles and extra grip at the heel to provide stability and support at
take off.
50. RULES AND
REGULATIONS
High Jump
• The height of the bar will start where all competitors are capable of
jumping. The height the bar is raised between each round will also
be geared to the ability of the competitors. The competitors shall be
informed of this before the competition begins.
• Competitors have a maximum of seven jumps.
• Competitors may commence jumping at any of the heights above the
minimum height and may jump at their discretion at any subsequent
height.
• Elimination will be after 3 consecutive failures (although they do not
have to be at the same height).
• After the competitor has won the competition and still has jumps to
take, the height to which the bar is raised shall be decided after the
judge of the competition has consulted the wishes of the competitor.
51. • Ties for first place only shall be decided by counting back. In the
event of a tie the winner will be (reference the IAAF Handbook)
• The athlete with lowest number of jumps at that height
• The athlete with the fewest number of failures up to and including
the last height cleared. If there is subsequently still a tie for first
place the jumpers move back to the last height which those
included in the tie jumped at one attempt
• If more than one jumper involved in the tie is successful the bar
goes up until there is a result.
• If there is still a tie for first place jumper move back to the last
height which those included in the tie jumped at one attempt
• The designated high jump judge will decide whether or not a jump
is valid.
53. POLE VAULT
• Pole vault is a full medal track and field event at Olympic Games, requiring a
competitor to leap over a bar using a long flexible pole made either of carbon
fiber or fiberglass. It is one of the four major jumping events in athletics, the
other three are high jump, long jump and triple jump. The pole vault has a lot
of similarities to high jump.
• Pole Vault requires high running speed as an essential requirement for a
athlete to be able to successfully jump over the bar using the pole. The
technique requires a lot of practice and time to be mastered. Inexperienced
athletes trying the pole vault can lead to broken poles and injury.
• It is crucial to use a pole in accordance to your body weight. Usually there is a
red band to indicate recommended range of where to grip the pole. There is a
specific area in which pole bends perfectly and the vaulter must take special
consideration of that for efficient bending.
54. • The winner is the athlete to successfully clear the highest bar height. The
athlete can choose which height they would like to start. They then have three
attempts to clear the height. If the height is cleared, they can them attempt the
next height, where they will have three more attempts. Once the vaulter has
three consecutive misses, they are out of the competition and the highest height
they cleared is their result.
55. RULES AND
REGULATIONS
Pole Vaulting Rules
• Each athlete chooses his/her height that they wish to be entered
for in competitions
• Each competitor has three tries to clear the height; if cleared, the
jumper advances to the next height and will again, have three
more attempts.
• If a competitor fails to clear all three attempts, they are out and
their highest height is recorded; if a competitor fails to clear any
bar throughout the entire competition, they will receive a ?NH?
which stands for ?no height?.
56. • Competitors also have the option of passing a height. For instance, if
a vaulter misses their first jump, they have the option of passing on to
the next height, but with only two attempts instead of three.
Correspondingly, if a vaulter misses two jumps in a row, they can
also pass to the next height but with only one attempt left. Once a
competitor reaches their third miss, they are out.
• A jump-off takes place in the event of a tie and it is considered
sudden death starting at the last attempted height. If both vaulters
miss, the bar is lowered and if the jump is made, it is raised a little bit.
Each competitor gets one attempt.
Fouls Are Ruled When:
The pole dislodges the bar, even if the vaulter cleared the bar
The competitors fail to complete a jump within the time that is allotted,
counting as a missed attempt
59. DISCUS
THROW
• Discus or discus throw, is a track and field event. In this event, the
athlete will attempt to throw a heavy disc (called a discus) as far as
he/she can.
• There are varying weights for international competitions. Men through
age 49 will throw a 2-kilogram discus; 1.5 kilograms for 50-59-year old
men’ 1 kilogram for 60 and beyond. For the women through age 74, the
discus throw is around 1 kilogram, for women 75 years old; the discus is
around .75 kilograms.
• The discus is usually made of plastic, wood, fiberglass, and carbon
fiber. For the athletes to make a throw, they will start in a circle of 2.5
meters in diameter. Then the athlete will spin counter clockwise around
one and a half time through the circle, then the athlete can release
his/her throw.
60. • The discus must land around the 34.92-degree sector. The six key
movement of discus throw are: wind up, move in rhythm, balance,
right leg engine, orbit, and delivery.
61. RULES AND
REGULATION
Discus
• The body of the disc could be made either of wood or other suitable
material, having a circular edge with a metal rim.
• It could either be solid or hollow. It should weigh around 2 kg and
have a diameter of 22 cm (for men). For women the weight is 1 kg
and the diameter is 18 cm. The cross section of the edge should
have a radius of 6mm and it should be a proper circle.
• The sides of the disc shall be identical, sans any sharp edges,
irregularities, and protrusions.
• The sides should taper in a straight line from the point where the
curve of the rim starts to a circle which has a radius of 25 mm to
28.5 mm, from the mid point.
• Finally, the finishing has to be smooth.
62. The Throw
• The discus can be thrown by an athlete after he or she stands in a
circle which has a diameter of 2.5 meter.
• While the athletes attempt the throw, they cannot touch the top of the
rim. However, they can touch the inner part of the rim of the circle.
• An athlete is not permitted to touch the ground outside the stipulated
circle.
• Furthermore, prior to the disk hitting the ground, the athlete cannot
go out of the circle. If he or she does that, it is considered as a foul.
• In Olympics, each of the athletes is given 8 chances and the best of
them is recorded to determine the result.
• Another important point is that if the disc ends up outside the landing
area, the throw would not be held valid.
64. SHOT PUT
• Shot put is a track and field event in which the athlete will “put” (but
more like of throwing) a shot – a heavy metal ball, the farthest that he
can without leaving the circle that is 7 feet wide. To win this, the athlete
should put the shot farther among its competitors.
• This sport was known to have started by the Ancient Greeks, but the
very first event of it on record was in Scottish Highlands during the first
century. In the Middle Ages, there were known competitions for soldiers
throwing cannonballs. With time, shot put competitions were included in
big events like British Amateur Championships and last 1896, shot put
for men became an official event for Olympics. Eventually, shot put
competitions for women were also included from 1948.
65. • How to perform the shot put may sound so simple, but winning it requires great
deal of balance, coordination, power, and momentum. The shot should be held by
the base of the fingers - not the palm, and the hand should be bent back. The
shot should be put in the neck and the palm should be facing the putting direction.
• During the throw or put as it is called, there are different styles that you can use to
get the maximum distance. The glide style involves rotating 180 degrees towards
the putting direction and there’s the spin style in which the thrower faces the rear,
then spins to the throwing direction but giving the upper body a hard twist to get
the highest possible throwing momentum.
66. RULES AND
REGULATIONS
Shot Put Rules
• Once the athlete's name is called, they have 60 seconds to
release the shot
• The shot must be placed close to the neck and resting on the
shoulder, while keeping it in that position the entire time until it is
released. No padding or extra equipment is necessary
• The shot must be released above the height of the shoulder with
one hand
• The athlete is permitted to touch the inside surface of the stop
board; however neither the top nor the outside of the circle or stop
board can be touched or passed
• The shot is required to land within the legal sector (34.92⁰)
• The competitor must exit the circle from the back
67. Fouls Occur When:
• A player does not pause within the circle before throwing motion
• A player allows the shot to drop below the shoulder
• The shot lands outside the boundaries of the sector or touches the
sector line
• A player leaves the circle before the shot has landed or the
competitor fails to leave the circle from the back
• The player touches the top/end of stop board, the top of the iron
ring, or steps or touches on/outside of the line of the circle
69. JAVELIN
• Javelin or javelin throw is part of the track and field event. A javelin or a
spear about 8 feet long is used to throw for maximum distance. The
participant runs first within a predetermined area and then throws the
javelin.
• The IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federation) stated that
non-orthodox techniques cannot be used in javelin throw. The
participants must hold the javelin at its grip and throw over hands, over
the participant’s upper arm or shoulder.
• Like other throwing competitions, the participant is not allowed to leave
the area until the javelin has landed. The participants throw the javelin
towards a sector which has an angle of 28.96 degrees extending
outwards from the end of the runway.
70. • Javelin is a part of the men’s decathlon and the women’s heptathlon. In
international competitions, men use a javelin between 8 feet 6 inches
and 8 feet 10 inches; the women use a javelin between 7 feet 3 inches
and 7 feet 7 inches.
71. RULES AND
REGULATIONS
• Holding the javelin must be done at the grip part and should
always be maintained above the shoulder level.
• For valid throw, the javelin must lie before the specified zone and
its tip should hit the ground.
• There is a special marking line on the runway within which the
athlete needs to throw.
• The athlete should not leave the ground until the javelin lands on
the ground.
• After the throwing action has been made, the thrower should not
turn back towards the pointing direction, until it lands.
• The number of throws allowed per athlete is same as that of the
discus throw.
• Once the competition has started, the athletes cannot use the
perimeter for practice purpose.
72. • Using any device that may assist the thrower in throwing is strictly
prohibited. For example, tapping of fingers are not allowed unless
there is a wound.
The throw will be considered as a foul in the following cases −
• Improper throw of the javelin in the attempt.
• Demarking of the line with any body part.
• Player going out of the marking line while throwing
• The tip of the javelin lies outside the edges of the landing sector.
• The time is increased to 1 minute if there are 2-3 number of
competitors. In case only one competitor is left, time is increased to
2 minutes.
74. HAMMER
• Hammer throw is one of the events in track and field competitions. A
heavy object on the end of a thin wire is hurled for maximum distance.
The game dates back to the 15th century. Hammer throw is one of the
oldest events in the Olympic Games.
• For the men’s division, the hammer weighs around 16 pounds and
measures around 3 feet and 11 ¾ inches. For the women’s division, the
hammer weighs around 8.82 pounds and measure around 3 feet and 11
inches in length. A winner is decided if he or she can throw the hammer
the farthest. It was used to be thought as a strength event, but now it’s
more on speed so one can throw the hammer in a farther distance.
75. • The action of throwing involves two swings, then around three or four
body rotations in circular motion using a heel-toe movement of the foot.
This is then moved in a circular path. It gradually increases its velocity,
and then the participant throws the ball from the circle.
76. RULES AND
REGULATIONS
An athlete has to abide by the following rules while performing in a
Hammer Throw competition
• Before the starting of preliminary swinging, an athlete is allowed to
put the head of hammer either inside or outside the circle.
• It is not a foul if before the starting of preliminary swing, the thrower
puts his hammer on ground but if after preliminary swing, the head of
the hammer touches ground or the hammer is dropped by the athlete,
then it will be counted as a foul.
• While being in the air, if the hammer breaks then it will not be counted
as foul, provided the athlete has played under correct rules and
regulations.
77. Rules about Hammer
A hammer consists of the following three parts: Metal head, Wire, and
Grip.
• The head of the hammer should be made up of solid material like iron
and it should be spherical in shape. The diameter should be 110 mm
for men and 95 mm for women.
• Filling is allowed and should be done in such a manner that it will be
immovable and the center of gravity will not be more than 6 mm from
the center of the sphere.
• Wire that is going to be used over here will be single and unbroken
type having a minimum diameter of 3mm. It should not stretch more
while being in air. The wire can be lobbed to the either ends of the
hammer.
78. • Construction of the grip can be either single or double loop type
but it should be rigid and should not have any hinging joints at
both the sides.
• The grip should be attached to the wire in such a manner that it
cannot be turned within the loop of the wire.
• Measurement of the hammer should be done from the inside of
the grip.
• To ensure the safety of the spectators, the performance should
be carried out inside an empty cage.
