It is for the coarse architecture subject - Electrical of sem 5 VTU University

1. MODULE -3
Manoj Bk
Lavanya
Lathiesh

2. Switchgears
– A switchgear is a generic term which includes
all the switching devices associated with
power system protection. It also includes all
devices associated with control, metering and
regulating of electrical power systems.
Assembly of such devices in a logical manner
forms switchgear. In other words systems
used for switching, controlling and protecting
the electrical power circuits and different
types of electrical equipment are known as
switchgear. This is very basic definition of
switchgear

4. Why we need Electrical Switchgears
– Switchgear protection plays a vital role in modern power system network, right from generation through
transmission to distribution end. The current interruption devices are called circuit breaker. The circuit breakers
can be operated manually as when required and it can also be operated autometically during over current and
short circuit or any other faults in the system by sensing the abnormality of system parameters. These power
system parametrs can be current, voltage, frequency, phase angle etc. The circuit breaker senses the faulty
condition of system through protection relays and these relays are again actuated by faulty signal normally
comes from current transformer or voltage transformer.
– The switchgear has to perform the function of carrying, making and breaking the normal load current like a
switch and it has to perform the function of clearing the fault in the power system. In addition to that, it also has
the provision of metering and regulating the various parameters of electrical power systems. Thus the switchgear
includes circuit breakers, current transformers, voltage transformers, protection relays, measuring instruments,
electrical switches, electrical fuses, miniature circuit breaker, lightning arresters or surge arresters, electrical
isolators and other associated pieces of equipment.

5. Structural Diagram

6. Dimensional Diagram

7. Types of Switchgears
– Medium Voltage switchgears
– Low voltage switchgears
– GIS or Gas insulated switchgears

8. Medium Voltage switchgears
– From 3 KV to 36 KV switchgear system is categorized as medium voltage switchgear or MV switchgear. These
switchgears are of many types. They may metal enclosed indoor type switchgear, metal enclosed outdoor type
switchgear, outdoor type switchgear without metal enclosure, etc. The interruption medium of this switchgear
may be insulating oil, SF6 gas or vacuum. The main requirement of power network is to interrupt current during
faulty condition irrespective of what type of CB is used in the MV switchgear system. Although it may be capable
of functioning in other conditions also.
Medium voltage switchgear, should be capable of,
– Normal ON/OFF switching operation.
– Short circuit current interruption.
– Switching of capacitive currents.
– Switching of inductive currents.
– Some special application

9. USAGE as Railway Traction
– Another application of medium voltage switchgear is single phase railway
track system. The main function of the circuit breaker associated with
railway traction system is to interrupt short circuit, on the overhead
catenary system which occurs frequently and it is transient. Hence, a
circuit breaker used for this purpose should have, short breaking time for
small contact gap, short arcing time, quick breaking, and VCB is the best
possible solution. Arcing energy is much higher in the single-phase CB than
3 phase CB. It is still much lower in a vacuum circuit breaker than that in a
conventional circuit breaker. The number of short circuits occurs in the
overhead catenary system is much higher than those occurring on
electrical transmission system. Medium voltage switchgear with vacuum
circuit breaker is most suitable for traction application. We can conclude
that, in the medium voltage system where the tripping rate is very high,
MV Vacuum Switchgear is the most suitable solution.

10. Low voltage switchgears
– Generally electrical switchgear rated upto
1KV is termed as low voltage switchgear.
The term LV Switchgear includes low voltage
circuit breakers, switches, off load electrical
isolators, HRC fuses, earth leakage circuit
breaker, miniature circuit breakers (MCB) and
molded case circuit breakers (MCCB) etc i.e.
all the accessories required to protect the LV
system. The most common use of LV
switchgear is in LV distribution board. This
system has the following parts

11. Features
– Simplicity
– Efficient performance
– High normal current rating up
to 600 A
– High fault withstanding
capacity upto 63 kA

12. GIS or Gas insulated
switchgears
– It is very much required to establish an electrical
substation at load center. Since, establishing a
substation at load center is quite economical and
profitable in many aspects. As it reduces length of
feeders and due to short length feeders, the quality of
voltage regulation improves. But the main obstruction
of establishing a substation at load center is space.
Generally main load center of any place is situated at
very congested place where, sufficient land for
establishing conventional electrical substation is very
hardly available.

13. Usage
– Electrical bus bars.
– Electrical isolators or disconnectors.
– Circuit breakers.
– Current transformers.
– Voltage transformers.
– Earth switches.
– Surge arrestors or lightning arresters.

14. Electrical Switchgear Protection
Devices
– The switch is used to manually open and close the electrical circuit
in our home and electrical fuse is used to protect our household
electrical circuit from over current and short circuit faults.
In same way every electrical circuit including high voltage electrical
power system needs switching and protective devices. But in high
voltage and extra high voltage system, this switching and protective
scheme becomes complicated one for high fault current
interruption in safe and secure way. In addition to that from
commercial point of view every electrical power system needs
measuring, controlling and regulating arrangement. Collectively the
whole system is called switchgear and protection of power system.
The electrical switchgear has been developing in various forms

15. Switchgear protection plays a vital role in modern power
system network, right from generation through transmission to
distribution end. The current interruption devices are called
circuit breaker. The circuit breakers can be operated manually
as when required and it can also be operated automatically
during over current and short circuit or any other faults in the
system by sensing the abnormality of system parameters.
These power system parameters can be current, voltage,
frequency, phase angle etc. The circuit breaker senses the
faulty condition of system through protection relays and these
relays are again actuated by faulty signal normally comes from
current transformer or voltage transformer.
The switchgear has to perform the function of carrying, making
and breaking the normal load current like a switch and it has to
perform the function of clearing the fault in the power system.
In addition to that, it also has the provision of metering and
regulating the various parameters of electrical power systems.
Thus the switchgear includes circuit breakers, current
transformers, voltage transformers, protection relays,
measuring instruments, electrical switches, electrical fuses,
miniature circuit breaker, lightning arresters or surge arresters,
electrical isolators and other associated pieces of equipment

16. EARTH
LEAKAGE
CIRCUIT
BREAKER
Lavanya

17. EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT
BREAKER
– AN EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCIUT BREAKER (ELCB) IS A SAFETY DEVICE USED IN
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS WITH HIGH EARTH IMPEDANCE TO PREVENT
SHOCK . IT DETECTS SMALL STRAY VOLTAGES ON THE METAL ENCLOSURES
OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPEMENT ,AND INTERRUPTS THE CIRCUIT IF A
DANGEROUS VOLTAGE IS DETECTED .
– IT IS USED FOR THE PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRICAL LEAKAGE IN THE
CIRCUIT
– WHEN SOMEBODY GETS AN ELECTRICAL SHOCK OR RESIDUAL CURRENT
OF THE CIRCUIT EXCEEDS THE FIXED VALUE ,ELCB CUTS OFF THE POWER
WITHIN THE TIME OF 0.1S AUTOMATICALLY PROTECTING THE PERSONAL
SAFETY AND PREVENTING THE EQUIPEMENT FROM THE FAULT
– ELCB ALSO PROTECT THE CIRCUIT AGAINST OVER LOAD AND SHORT
CIRCUIT .

18. USE OF ELCB
– THE MAIN PURPOSE OF EARTH LEAKAGE PROTECTORS IS TO PREVENT INJURY
TO HUMANS AND ANIMALS DUE TO ELECTRIC SHOCK .

19. IT IS A CURRENT OPERATED DEVICE DESIGNED TO OPERATE
WHEN A LEAKAGE CURRENT SUCCEEDS A PRE DETERMINED
VALUE IT ESSENTIALLY CONSISTS OF AN OPERATING COIL AND A
TRIP MECHANISM ,WHICH OPERATES CONTACTS CONTROLLING
THE SUPPLY TO THE CIRCUIT CONCERENED .
ADVANTAGES
THEY ARE LESS SENSITIVE TO FAULT CONDITIONS ,THEREFORE
HAVE LESS NUISANCE STRIPS .
THEY CAN BE ARRANGED TO PROTECT AGAINST CABLE
DAMAGE ONLY
AND NOT STRIP ON FAULTS IN DOWN LINE INSTALLATIONS .
DISADVANTAGES
THEY DO NOT DETECT FAULTS THAT DON’T PASS CURRENT
THROUGH THE CPC TO THE EARTH ROD .
THEY DO NOT ALLOW A SINGLE BUILDINGF SYSTEM TO BE
EASILY SPLIT INTO MULTIPLE SECTIONS WITH INDEPENDENT
FAULT PROTECTION ,BECAUSE EARTHINGS SYSTEM ARE
USUALLY BONDED TO PIPE WORK
ELCB’S INTRODUCE ADDITIONAL RESISTANCE AND ADDITIONAL
POINT OF FAILURE INTO EARTHING SYSTEMS .

20. MINIATURE CIRCUIT
BREAKER
• A MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER IS AN
AUTOMATICALLY OPERATED ELECTRICAL
SWITCH DESIGNED TO PROTECT AND
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT FROM DAMAGE CAUSED
BY OVERLOAD OR SHORT CIRCIUT .
• ITS BASIC FUNCTION IS TO DETECT A FAULT
CONDITION AND INTERRUPT CURRENT FLOW
• IT COMES UNDER LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT
BREAKER .

21. CONSTRUCTION
– MCB IS MEANT FOR TWO TYPE OF OVER CURRENT SITUATION
OVERLOAD AND SHORT CIRCUIT
– IT CONSISTS OF MAGNET AND THERMAL TRIP UNIT
– BOTH UNITS AT INDEPENDENTLY AND MECHANICALLY WITH
BREAKERS TRIP MECHANISM TO OPEN BREAKERS CONTACT
– MAGNETIC TRIP UNIT (SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION ) .THE
MAGNETIC TRIP UNIT PROTECTS AGAINST A SHORT CIRCUIT THE
MAGNETIC TRIP UNIT IS COMPRISED OF AN ELECTROMAGNET
AND ARMATURE
– THERMAL TRIP UNIT (OVERLOADED PROTECTION )
THE THERMAL TRIP UNIT PROTECT AGAINST CONTINIOUS
OVERLOAD .THE THERMAL UNIT IS COMPRISED OF BIMETAL
ELEMENT LOCATED BEHIND THE CIRCUIT BREAKER TRIP BAR AND ,IS
PART OF THE BREAKERS CURRENT CARRYING PATH

22. HOW MCB WORKS
– THERE ARE TWO AGREEMENTS OF OPERATION OF
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER
– ONE DUE TO THERMAL EFFECT AND OTHER DUE TO
ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECT OF OVER CURRENT
– THE THERMAL OPERATION OF MINIATURE CIRCUIT
BREAKER IS ACHIEVED WITH THE BIMETALLIC STRIP
WHENEVER CONTINIOUS OVER CURRENT FLOWS
THROUGH MCB ,THE BIMETALLIC STRIP IS HEATED
AND DEFLECTS BY BENDING.

23. USES
– A MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER IS USED IN NEW CONSTRUCTION INSTEAD OF THE OLDER
TYPES OF FUSES .CIRCUIT BREAKERS ARE SMALL DEVISES USED TO CONTROL AND PROTECT
ELECTRICAL PANEL AND THE OTHER DEVISES FROM OVER FLOWING OF ELECTRIC POWER
– HOME ELECTRICAL PANELS : MCB ARE MUCH SAFER THAN THE TYPICAL FUSES BECAUSE THEY
CAN BE RESET MANUALLY AND BECAUSE THEY HANDLE MUCH LARGER AMOUNTS OF POWER
,HENCE THEY ARE USED IN HOME APPLIANCE
– GROUND FAULT TRIP MECHANISM : IN SOME CASES ,YOU CAN USE A MINIATURE CIRCUIT
BREAKER WITH GROUND FAULT , OR ARC FAULT MECHANISMS, BECAUSE THE BREAKERS
CONSISTS OF A SYSTEM THAT OPENS THE CONTACTS IF A LINE TO GROUND FAULTS OCCURS
– LIGHTS :USING MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS IN THE LIGHTING SYSTEM OF THE HOUSE
,BECAUSE THEY CAN DEAL WITH THE AMOUNT OF POWER NEEDED TO LIGHT A HOUSE
ESPECIALLY IF USING SPECIFIC TYPES OF LAMPS SUCH AS FLUROSCENT LIGHTS

24. MCCB AND
ACB
Lathiesh Naidu

25. Moulded Case Circuit Breakers -
MCCB
– A molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) is a type
of electrical protection device that is used to
protect the electrical circuit from excessive
current, which can cause overload or short
circuit. With a current rating of up to 2500A,
MCCBs can be used for a wide range of voltages
and frequencies with adjustable trip settings.
These breakers are used instead of miniature
circuit breakers (MCBs) in large scale PV systems
for system isolation and protection purposes

26. How The MCCB operates?
– The MCCB uses a temperature sensitive device (the thermal element) with a
current sensitive electromagnetic device (the magnetic element) to provide the
trip mechanism for protection and isolation purposes. This enables the MCCB to
provide:
– Overload Protection,
– Electrical Fault Protection against short circuit currents, and
– Electrical Switch for disconnection

27. Overload Protection
– Overload protection is provided by the MCCB via the temperature sensitive
component. This component is essentially a bimetallic contact: a contact which
consists of two metals that expand at different rates when exposed to high
temperature. During the normal operating conditions, the bimetallic contact will
allow the electric current to flow through the MCCB. When the current exceeds the
trip value, the bimetallic contact will start to heat and bend away due to the
different thermal rate of heat expansion within the contact. Eventually, the contact
will bend to the point of physically pushing the trip bar and unlatching the contacts,
causing the circuit to be interrupted.
– The thermal protection of the MCCB will typically have a time delay to allow a short
duration of overcurrent which is commonly seen in some device operations, such as
inrush currents seen when starting motors. This time delay allows the circuit to
continue to operate in these circumstances without tripping the MCCB.

28. Sizing of MCCB
– MCCBs in an electrical circuit should be sized according to the circuit’s expected
operating current and possible fault currents. The three main criteria while
selecting MCCBs are:
– The rated working voltage (Ue) of the MCCB should be similar to the system
voltage.
– The trip value of the MCCB should be adjusted according to the current drawn
by the load.
– The breaking capacity of the MCCB must be higher than the theoretical possible
fault currents.

29. Graph of Protection Curve

30. AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS -
ACB
– Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) is an electrical device used to provide Overcurrent and
short-circuit protection for electric circuits over 800 Amps to 10K Amps. These
are usually used in low voltage applications below 450V. We can find these
systems in Distribution Panels (below 450V). Here in this article, we will discuss
the working of Air Circuit Breaker. An air circuit breaker is a circuit operation
breaker that operates in the air as an arc extinguishing medium, at a given
atmospheric pressure. There are several types of air circuit breakers
and switching gears available in the market today that is durable, high-
performing, easy to install, and maintain. The air circuit breakers have
completely replaced oil circuit breakers

31. Working of air circuit Breaker
– Air circuit breakers operate with their contacts in free air. Their method of arc quenching
control is entirely different from that of oil circuit-breakers. They are always used for a low-
voltage interruption and now tends to replace high-voltage oil breakers. The below-shown
figure illustrates the principle of air breaker circuit operation
– Air Circuit breakers generally have two pairs of contacts. The main pair of contacts (1) carries
the current at normal load and these contacts are made of copper metal. The second pair is
the arcing contact (2) and is made of carbon. When the circuit breaker is being opened, the
main contacts open first. When the main contacts opened the arcing contacts are still in touch
with each other. As the current gets a parallel low resistive path through the arcing contact.
During the opening of the main contacts, there will not be any arcing in the main contact. The
arcing is only initiated when finally the arcing contacts are separated. Each of the arc contacts
is fitted with an arc runner which helps. The arc discharge to move upward due to both
thermal and electromagnetic effects as shown in the figure. As the arc is driven upward it
enters in the arc chute, consisting of splatters.
– The arc in the chute will become colder, lengthen, and split hence arc voltage becomes much
larger than the system voltage at the time of operation of an air circuit breaker, and therefore
the arc is extinguished finally during the current zero.

32. Working of air circuit Breaker
– Air Circuit breakers generally have two pairs of contacts. The main pair of contacts (1) carries
the current at normal load and these contacts are made of copper metal. The second pair is
the arcing contact (2) and is made of carbon. When the circuit breaker is being opened, the
main contacts open first. When the main contacts opened the arcing contacts are still in touch
with each other. As the current gets a parallel low resistive path through the arcing contact.
During the opening of the main contacts, there will not be any arcing in the main contact. The
arcing is only initiated when finally the arcing contacts are separated. Each of the arc contacts
is fitted with an arc runner which helps. The arc discharge to move upward due to both
thermal and electromagnetic effects as shown in the figure. As the arc is driven upward it
enters in the arc chute, consisting of splatters.
– The arc in the chute will become colder, lengthen, and split hence arc voltage becomes much
larger than the system voltage at the time of operation of an air circuit breaker, and therefore
the arc is extinguished finally during the current zero.

33. Working of air circuit Breaker
– Figure (a) shows the development of the arc from the time it
leaves the main contacts until it is within the arc chute. When
the current next ceases at a current zero, the ionized air in the
path of where the arc had been being in parallel with the open
contacts and acts as a shunt resistance across both the contacts
and the self-capacitance C, shown in below figure with red as a
high resistance R.
– When the oscillation starts between C and L as described for the
idealized circuit breaker shown in Figure below, this resistance
damps the oscillation heavily. Certainly, it is usually so heavy that
the damping is critical, the oscillation cannot then take place at
all, and the restricting voltage, instead of appearing as a high-
frequency oscillation, rises dead-beat to its eventual value of
peak generator voltage. This is shown below the lower
waveform.

34. Types of Air Circuit Breakers
– Plain Break type Air Break Circuit Breaker
Plain brake air circuit breakers are the simplest form of
air breakers. The main points of contacts are made in
the shape of two horns. The arc of these circuit
breakers extends from one tip to the other.
– Magnetic Blowout Type Air Break Circuit Breaker
Magnetic blowout air circuit breakers are used in
voltage capacity up to 11KV. The extension of the arc
can get by magnetic field provided by the current in
blowout coils

35. Types of Air Circuit Breakers
- Magnetic Blowout Type Air Break
Circuit Breaker
Magnetic blowout air circuit
breakers are used in voltage
capacity up to 11KV. The extension
of the arc can get by magnetic field
provided by the current in blowout
coil

36. Principal - Air Chute Air Break
Circuit Breake
– In air chute air break circuit breaker, the main contacts are usually made up of
copper and conduct current in closed positions. Air chute air break circuit
breakers have low contact resistance and they are silver plated. The arcing
contacts are solid, resistant to heat, and are made up of copper alloy.

37. Features of Air Circuit Breakers
MERITS
– Air Circuit Breakers are used for controlling the power station
auxiliaries and industrial plants. They offer protection to
industrial plants, electrical machines like the transformers,
capacitors, and generators.
– They are mainly used for the protection of plants, where
there are possibilities of fire or explosion hazards.
– The air brake principle of the air breaker circuit arc is used
in DC circuits and AC circuit up to 12KV.
– The air circuit breakers have high resistance power that helps
in increasing the resistance of the arc by splitting, cooling,
and lengthening.
– An air circuit breaker is also used in the Electricity sharing
system and NGD about 15kV
DEMERITS
– A drawback of the arc chute principle is its
inefficiency at low currents where the
electromagnetic fields are weak.
– The chute itself is not necessarily less efficient in
its lengthening and de-ionizing action than at high
currents, but the arc movement into the chute
tends to become slower, and high-speed
interruption is not necessarily obtained

38. PROTECTIVE
DEVICES
Lathiesh
Manoj BK

39. PROTECTIVE DEVICES
– Protective relay work as a sensing device, it senses the fault, then known its position
and finally, it gives the tripping command to the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker
after taking the command from the protective relay, disconnect the faulted element.
– By clearing the fault fast with the help of fast-acting protective relay and associated
circuit breaker, the damage to the apparatus is reduced, and the resultant hazards
like fire, the risk of the life are reduced, by removing the particularly faulted section.
– But the continuity of supply is maintained, though remaining healthy section, by
clearing the fault fast, fault arising time is reduced, and therefore the system can be
restored to the normal state sooner. Hence the transient state stability limit of the
system is greatly improved, permanent damage to the equipment is avoided, and
the possibility of developing most simple fault such as single phase-to-ground into
most severe fault such as double phase-to-ground fault is reduced

40. The fault can only be reduced if the
protective relay is reliable,
maintainable and sensitive enough to
distinguish between normal and
abnormal condition. The relay must
come into action whenever there is a
fault and must not operate if there is
no fault. Some relays are used for the
protection of the power system. Some
of them are primary relay meaning
that they are the first line of defence.
Such relays sense the fault and send a
signal to the proper circuit breaker to
trip and clear the fault.