The document discusses perception and attribution theory. Perception is how we give meaning to our environment by interpreting sensory impressions. Attribution theory suggests that when observing behavior, we try to determine whether the cause was internal or external to the person. Factors like distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency influence the attributions we make. The document also discusses learning theories including operant conditioning, where behaviors are strengthened through reinforcement or punishment, and social learning theory, where people can learn through observation and experience of others.

2. “A process by which we give meaning to our environment
by organizing and interpreting sensory impressions.”
PERCERTION

3. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
PERCEPTION
INTERNAL FACTORS:
 Needs
 Personality
 Experience
EXTERNAL FACTORS:
 Size
 Frequency
 Status
 Contrast

4. ATTRIBUTION
In social psychology,
attribution is the process by
which individuals explain the
causes of behavior and events.
Attribution theory is the study
of models to explain those
processes

5. ATTRIBUTION THEORY
 Our perceptions of people differ from our perceptions of inanimate
objects( Robots, computers etc).
 Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual’s
behavior , we attempt to determine whether it was internally caused
or externally caused.
 Theory that states that we all have basic need to understand and
explain the causes of other’s people behavior.

6. INTERNALLY CAUSE
BEHAVIOUR
 Those we believe the
to be under the
personal control of
individual.
EXTERNALLY
CAUSEDBEHAVIOUR
 What we imagine the
situation forced the
individual to do .

7. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ATTRIBUTION
 DISTINCTIVENESS: The consideration given to how consistent a
person’s behavior is across different situation .
 CONSENSUS: Refers to the likelihood that all those facing the
same situation will have similar response .
 CONSISTENCY: Refers to the measure of whether an individual
responds the same way across time.

8. Attribution
Theory and
Individual
Behavior
External
External
Internal
Internal
Internal
External
Attribution
of Cause
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Consistency
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
Interpretation
Observation

9. Errors that distort Attributions:

10. FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR:
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external
factors and overestimate the influence of internal or
personal factors when making judgments about the
behavior of others.

11. SELF SERVING BIAS:
The tendency for individual to attribute their own success
to internal factors while putting the blame for failure on
external factors.

12. SHORTCUTS USED IN JUDGING OTHERS
 Selectivity
 Assumed Similarity
 Stereotyping
 Halo Effect
 Self-fulfilling prophecy

13. LEARNING
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occur
as a result of experience.
THEORIES OF LEARNING
 Operant conditioning
 Social learning theory

14. 1.OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORY
A method of learning that occur through reward and
punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning,
an association is made between a behavior and a
consequences for that behavior.
EXAMPLE:
 Children completing homework to earn a reward from
teacher and parent.
 Employee completing project to receive promotion.

15. COMPONENTS OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
 REINFORCEMENT:
A kind of stimulus that aim to increase the strength in
behavior due to its consequences.
 PUNISHMENT
Any event that cause a decrease in the behavior.

16. TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
 POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT:
Favorable events that’s are presented after the behavior. (
Reward learning)
 NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT:
A response or behavior strengthened by stopping, removing or
avoiding a negative outcome.

17. When positive reinforcement most
effective?
 When it is occur immediately after the behavior.
 When the reinforcement is presented frequently.

18. When is negative reinforcement most
effective?
 It is effective when reinforces are presented immediately
following a behavior.
EXAMPLES:
 You leave your house early to avoid being late.
 You clean up your mess in the kitchen to avoid in a fight
with your roommate.

19. 2.Social learning theory
“The theory that people can learn through observation and
direct experience.”
 This theory is an extension of operant conditioning but it
also acknowledge the existence of observational learning
and the importance of perception.
 People learn from watching models- parents, teacher,
television, bosses etc.

20. Four processes that determine the influence
of model on individual:
 Attention processes
 Retention process
 Motor reproduction processes
 Reinforcement processes