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Parkinson's disease treatment and adverse effects overview
1.
2. Parkinson’s disease - slowly progressive
neurodegenerative disease
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra
Balance between inhibitory dopaminergic neurons and
excitatory cholinergic neurons is disturbed
Characterized by 4 cardinal features –
Bradykinesia
Muscular rigidity
Resting tremors
Loss of postural reflexes
4. B. Drugs affecting brain cholinergic system
Centrally acting anticholinergics :
benztropine, benzhexol, procyclidine
Antihistaminics (H1 blockers) with
anticholinergic activity : promethazine,
diphenhydramine
5. Large amount of levodopa is converted to
dopamine in the peripheral tissues by
peripheral dopa decarboxylase enzyme –
a. Low bioavailability in the CNS
b. Adverse effects
To minimize this……………..
Levodopa + Carbidopa/Benserazide
6. At the initiation of therapy :
GIT : Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Antiemetic - Domperidone
CVS : Postural hypotension, tachycardia,
palpitation
Tolerance develops to these adverse effects
with continued treatment
7. After prolonged therapy
Abnormal movements : dyskinesia, tics, tremors
Behavioral effects : anxiety, insomnia,
nightmares, depression, confusion
Fluctuations in response :
a) Wearing off phenomenon – dose of levodopa
improves the mobility for a period of time but
rigidity and akinesia rapidly returns at the end
8. Smaller & frequent doses of l-dopa improves
this condition
b. On-off phenomenon: Patient shows
fluctuation in response - being “off” and
being “on”
Sustained release preparations of levodopa &
carbidopa helps to reduce this phenomenon
9. Inhibits peripheral conversion of levodopa to
dopamine
Do not cross BBB no effect on levodopa
in brain
Advantages of combining carbidopa with levodopa :
1. Increased BA of dopamine in the brain - dose of
levodopa can be reduced
2. Prolongation of plasma half-life of levodopa
3. Systemic concentration of dopamine is reduced - less
GI and cardiovascular side effects
4. Better patient compliance
12. Types of seizures
A.Generalized seizures -
Grand Mal / Tonic-clonic seizures
Aura
Tonic phase with
epileptic cry
Clonic convulsions
Prolonged sleep and
Postictal depression
13. Repeated occurrence of grand mal
seizures with no recovery of
consciousness in between the attacks
“Status epilepticus”- clinical emergency
14. Petit Mal / Absence seizures
• Prevalent in children
• No aura, postictal confusion or amnesia
• No/momentary loss of consciousness
• During seizure – vacant stare, lack of response,
small clonic jerks
Myoclonic seizures
Sudden and brief skeletal muscle contraction
that may involve one part or the entire body
15. B. Partial seizures –
Simple partial seizures
Clonic convulsions - group of muscles
Somatosensory symptoms (auditory, visual or
olfactory hallucinations)
Complex partial seizures (Psychomotor
epilepsy) - originate in the temporal or frontal
lobe, characterized by aura – amnesia –