The document discusses transformers, including:
1. A transformer transfers electrical power from one voltage to another without changing frequency through electromagnetic induction.
2. It works by inducing an electromotive force (emf) in a secondary winding proportional to the rate of change of flux through both windings.
3. A step-up transformer increases voltage from low to high, while a step-down transformer decreases voltage from high to low.
This document discusses safe working procedures for single and three phase transformers, potential transformers, and current transformers used for Energex metering. It provides guidance on safely working with different types of transformers.
This document describes procedures for testing power transformers at AREVA's factory in Gebze, Turkey. It outlines both routine and type tests performed on transformers to check electrical characteristics and dielectric strength according to customer specifications and industry standards. Routine tests include measuring voltage ratios, winding resistances, losses, dielectric strength, and tap changer operation. Type tests evaluate temperature rise, impedances, insulation levels, sound, and impulse withstand capabilities. Test equipment used is also listed. The document provides details on measurement methods and circuits for key tests like voltage ratios, winding resistances, and vector relationships.
This document discusses experiments on the Hall effect conducted in an M.Sc. laboratory. It begins with an overview of the Hall effect, describing how a voltage is generated perpendicular to the current in a conductor placed in a magnetic field. It then provides details of a standard Hall effect experiment using a semiconductor slice. The rest of the document discusses applications of measuring the Hall effect in semiconductors, such as determining carrier type and density. It also reviews related effects like the quantum Hall effect and anomalous Hall effect. In conclusion, it discusses practical applications of Hall sensors in devices like flow meters, motors, and portable electronics.
Simple Current Transformer (CT) Testing for Switchyard Equipment.SARAVANAN A
This document summarizes pre-commissioning test results for current transformers. It includes information about the customer, contractor, substation, switchgear, CT location, serial numbers, test results for polarity, insulation resistance, knee point voltage and current, ratio tests, and test equipment details. Signatures and dates from the contractor and witness are at the bottom to verify the tests were properly conducted and witnessed.
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point. The word comes from Latin vibrationem ("shaking, brandishing"). The oscillations may be periodic, such as the motion of a pendulum—or random, such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road. here in this Presentation we can understand various vibration measurement instruments and their principals.
This document discusses different types of frequency measuring instruments. There are two main types: tachometers and oscillators. Tachometers include the Fullarton and Frahm tachometers, which use cantilever strips with masses to resonate at the frequency of vibration. Quartz, rubidium, and cesium oscillators use the piezoelectric effect of crystals to generate precise frequencies. Quartz oscillators are inexpensive but drift over time, while rubidium oscillators are accurate to 5x10-10 and cesium oscillators are the most precise standard at below 1x10-12 but are also very expensive.
The document discusses transformers, including:
1. A transformer transfers electrical power from one voltage to another without changing frequency through electromagnetic induction.
2. It works by inducing an electromotive force (emf) in a secondary winding proportional to the rate of change of flux through both windings.
3. A step-up transformer increases voltage from low to high, while a step-down transformer decreases voltage from high to low.
This document discusses safe working procedures for single and three phase transformers, potential transformers, and current transformers used for Energex metering. It provides guidance on safely working with different types of transformers.
This document describes procedures for testing power transformers at AREVA's factory in Gebze, Turkey. It outlines both routine and type tests performed on transformers to check electrical characteristics and dielectric strength according to customer specifications and industry standards. Routine tests include measuring voltage ratios, winding resistances, losses, dielectric strength, and tap changer operation. Type tests evaluate temperature rise, impedances, insulation levels, sound, and impulse withstand capabilities. Test equipment used is also listed. The document provides details on measurement methods and circuits for key tests like voltage ratios, winding resistances, and vector relationships.
This document discusses experiments on the Hall effect conducted in an M.Sc. laboratory. It begins with an overview of the Hall effect, describing how a voltage is generated perpendicular to the current in a conductor placed in a magnetic field. It then provides details of a standard Hall effect experiment using a semiconductor slice. The rest of the document discusses applications of measuring the Hall effect in semiconductors, such as determining carrier type and density. It also reviews related effects like the quantum Hall effect and anomalous Hall effect. In conclusion, it discusses practical applications of Hall sensors in devices like flow meters, motors, and portable electronics.
Simple Current Transformer (CT) Testing for Switchyard Equipment.SARAVANAN A
This document summarizes pre-commissioning test results for current transformers. It includes information about the customer, contractor, substation, switchgear, CT location, serial numbers, test results for polarity, insulation resistance, knee point voltage and current, ratio tests, and test equipment details. Signatures and dates from the contractor and witness are at the bottom to verify the tests were properly conducted and witnessed.
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point. The word comes from Latin vibrationem ("shaking, brandishing"). The oscillations may be periodic, such as the motion of a pendulum—or random, such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road. here in this Presentation we can understand various vibration measurement instruments and their principals.
This document discusses different types of frequency measuring instruments. There are two main types: tachometers and oscillators. Tachometers include the Fullarton and Frahm tachometers, which use cantilever strips with masses to resonate at the frequency of vibration. Quartz, rubidium, and cesium oscillators use the piezoelectric effect of crystals to generate precise frequencies. Quartz oscillators are inexpensive but drift over time, while rubidium oscillators are accurate to 5x10-10 and cesium oscillators are the most precise standard at below 1x10-12 but are also very expensive.
This document discusses vibration measurement. It defines vibration as oscillating motion about a fixed point that can be simple harmonic or complex. Vibration can be characterized by frequency and amplitude, with units depending on the parameter measured - acceleration, velocity, or displacement. The document discusses various vibration measurement devices including stroboscopes, reed vibrometers, and seismic-mass transducers, which can be designed to measure displacement, velocity, or acceleration depending on mass and damping properties. Velocity measurement is most commonly used due to its relationship to vibrational energy and support from standards organizations.
The Hall effect describes the behavior of charge carriers in a semiconductor when an electric and magnetic field are applied. When a current is passed through a semiconductor sample placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the current, the Lorentz force causes charge carriers to deflect to the sides of the sample. This builds up a Hall voltage that can be measured. The Hall effect can be used to determine the type of semiconductor, calculate carrier concentration and mobility, and measure magnetic flux density.
This document discusses Hall effect sensors and their applications. Hall effect sensors use the Hall effect principle to sense magnetic fields or electric current. They have simple and inexpensive designs, producing an output voltage proportional to the magnetic field. Common applications include sensing motor speed and position, measuring current, and detecting changes in magnetic fields. Hall effect sensors are widely used due to their low cost, ease of integration, and ability to provide non-contact sensing of magnetic fields and current.
- The document describes the design, modeling, and simulation of a fuzzy logic controlled static VAR compensator (SVC) for a transmission line.
- An SVC uses thyristor-controlled reactors and fixed capacitors to continuously regulate the voltage of a transmission line by absorbing or producing reactive power.
- A fuzzy logic controller is designed to control the firing angle of the thyristors to maintain a constant voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line for different load conditions. Simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the fuzzy controlled SVC.
To understand the basic working principle of a transformer.
To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from Open circuit and Short circuit tests, and to estimate efficiency & regulation at various loads.
Iaetsd reactive power compensation using fuzzyIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a study that uses fuzzy logic control of firing angle to control a static VAR compensator (SVC) for reactive power compensation of a 750 km transmission line. The SVC is modeled using a fixed capacitor and thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR). A fuzzy logic controller is designed to control the firing angle of the thyristors in the SVC to maintain a constant voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line under different loading conditions. The fuzzy logic controller uses load voltage and current as inputs and generates a control signal as the output to provide synchronous firing pulses to the thyristors. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controlled SVC is able to maintain the receiving end voltage at a constant level despite changes in load
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
This document discusses vibration measurement. It defines vibration as oscillating motion about a fixed point that can be simple harmonic or complex. Vibration can be characterized by frequency and amplitude, with units depending on the parameter measured - acceleration, velocity, or displacement. The document discusses various vibration measurement devices including stroboscopes, reed vibrometers, and seismic-mass transducers, which can be designed to measure displacement, velocity, or acceleration depending on mass and damping properties. Velocity measurement is most commonly used due to its relationship to vibrational energy and support from standards organizations.
The Hall effect describes the behavior of charge carriers in a semiconductor when an electric and magnetic field are applied. When a current is passed through a semiconductor sample placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the current, the Lorentz force causes charge carriers to deflect to the sides of the sample. This builds up a Hall voltage that can be measured. The Hall effect can be used to determine the type of semiconductor, calculate carrier concentration and mobility, and measure magnetic flux density.
This document discusses Hall effect sensors and their applications. Hall effect sensors use the Hall effect principle to sense magnetic fields or electric current. They have simple and inexpensive designs, producing an output voltage proportional to the magnetic field. Common applications include sensing motor speed and position, measuring current, and detecting changes in magnetic fields. Hall effect sensors are widely used due to their low cost, ease of integration, and ability to provide non-contact sensing of magnetic fields and current.
- The document describes the design, modeling, and simulation of a fuzzy logic controlled static VAR compensator (SVC) for a transmission line.
- An SVC uses thyristor-controlled reactors and fixed capacitors to continuously regulate the voltage of a transmission line by absorbing or producing reactive power.
- A fuzzy logic controller is designed to control the firing angle of the thyristors to maintain a constant voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line for different load conditions. Simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the fuzzy controlled SVC.
To understand the basic working principle of a transformer.
To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from Open circuit and Short circuit tests, and to estimate efficiency & regulation at various loads.
Iaetsd reactive power compensation using fuzzyIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a study that uses fuzzy logic control of firing angle to control a static VAR compensator (SVC) for reactive power compensation of a 750 km transmission line. The SVC is modeled using a fixed capacitor and thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR). A fuzzy logic controller is designed to control the firing angle of the thyristors in the SVC to maintain a constant voltage at the receiving end of the transmission line under different loading conditions. The fuzzy logic controller uses load voltage and current as inputs and generates a control signal as the output to provide synchronous firing pulses to the thyristors. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controlled SVC is able to maintain the receiving end voltage at a constant level despite changes in load
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.