A Privacy-Aware Authentication Scheme for Secure Bootstrapping of IoT Nodes

1. SECuRE and Trustworthy
Computing Lab
Authors
Mahmud Hossain and Ragib Hasan
SECuRE and Trustworthy computing Lab (SECRETLab)
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Presenter: Mahmud Hossain, PhD Student, Dept. of Computer and
Information Sciences, UAB
http://secret.cis.uab.edu
IoT
Boot-IoT: A Privacy-Aware Authentication Scheme for Secure
Bootstrapping of IoT Nodes

2. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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The Internet of Things (IoT)
 A programmable world
 Everyday objects are interconnected
 Objects are smart enough to make decision
 Objects are programmable
Smart Thermostat
IoT Ecosystem

3. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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IoT Forecasts and Market Estimates
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 Estimation of connected things by 2020
 20.8 billion (Gartner)
 26.3 billion (Cisco)
 28 billion (Ericson)
 34 billion (Business Insider)
Source: IoT Analytics (2015)
Source: Zinnov Zones (2016)

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Internet of Insecure Things
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 Smart Objects
 TV, webcams, home thermostat, remote
power outlets, sprinkler controllers, door
locks, home alarm, garage door openers.
 IoT Security study by HP1
 80% of devices raised privacy concerns
 80% failed to require passwords of
sufficient complexity and length
 70% did not encrypt communications to
the internet and local network
 60% raised security concerns with their
user interfaces
[1] Hewlett Packrad (HP), “Securing the Internet of Things: Mapping Attack Surface Areas Using the OWASP IoT Top 10”, in RSA Conference, 2015

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Attacks on IoT Systems
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 Remotely hacked an IoT enabled car1
 Consumer gadgets sending phishing and spam emails2
 DVRs and cameras were infected to form Botnet3
 Internet connected Baby Monitors were compromised4
 “Hospira” hospital drug pumps were compromised5
[1] IoActive Lab, 2015, http://blog.ioactive.com/2014/04/car-hacking-2-content.html
[2] Proofpoint Lab, 2014, https://www.proofpoint.com/us/news
[3] Krebson Security, 2016, https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/source-code-for-iot-botnet-mirai-released/
[4] Rapid7, 2016, https://information.rapid7.com/iot-baby-monitor-research.html
[5] Hacking the Drug Pump. 2015. http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/10/technology/drug-pump-hack/

6. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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The Scope of This Propose Work
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Secure Network
Admission
Secure Service
Access
 Life cycle of an IoT node

7. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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Content Outline
 Motivation and Threat Model
 Contribution
 Operational Model
 Performance Analysis
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8. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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Motivation and Threat Model
 Static identity usage
 Does not provide location privacy
 Vulnerable to location tracing and Denial (DoS) of Service attacks
 Internet of Vehicle (Connected Cars)
 Cyber espionage
 False information about collocated vehicles
 Smart Home
 Infer home owner's presence
 User targeted attack (e.g., Burglary or physical attack)
 Smart Medical Assistance
 DoS attacks for blocking devices from sending real-time updates
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9. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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Contributions
 Secure network admission
 Privacy-aware authentication based on Combined Public Key (CPK) cryptography
 Secure end to end communication
 Lightweight ECQV implicit certificate scheme for mutual authentication
 Experimental evaluation
 BooT-IoT is resource efficient compared to contemporary network admission
schemes
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10. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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Combined Public Key (CPK) Cryptography
 Take advantage of Elliptic Curve Cryptograph (ECC)
 ECC pair (d,Q); d = secret key and Q = public key
 Q = d*G
 Two ECC pairs (d1, Q1) and (d2, Q2)
 New key pair (d,Q) can be calculated as
 Q = Q1 + Q2 = d1*G + d2*G = (d1 + d2)*G = d*G
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11. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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BooT-IoT: CPK-based Authentication (1/2)
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Q11 Q12 … Q1w
Q21 Q22 … Q2w
Qv1 Qv2 … Qvw
.
.
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.
.
.
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PKM
 Verifier maintains a Public Key Matrix (PKM)
 Qij = PKM[i][j] represents a public key of an ECC pair (dij, Qij)
 Verifier issues a set of cells from PKM to a prover
 Prover computes (d11,Q11), (d22,Q22)… (dnn, Qnn)
 Prover sends (Q11, Q22, …, Qnn) and stores (d11, d22,…, dnn)
1 2 …. v
1 2 . . . w
List of Assigned Cells
Verifier
Prover

12. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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BooT-IoT: CPK-based Authentication (2/2)
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 Prover generates an ECC pair using [d11], [d22],… [dnn]
 Prover selects a combination dij, …,dkl from [d11], [d22],… [dnn] keys
 Prover computes
 d = dij+ … + dkl
 Q =d*G
 Prover sends a nonce N, MACk(N), and the indices (ij)…(kl) of cells
used to compute Q
 K is the shared key between verifier and prover.
 Verifier computes Q = PKM [ij] + … + PKM (kl) and verifies Signd(N)
using Q

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Experiment and Evaluation
 RE-Mote IoT devices
 Webtech IoT Gateway
 Contiki IoT Operating System
 Analysis and comparison of BooT-IoT with authentication
methods of Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
 EAP authentication method
 TLS-ECC
 Pre Shared Key
 MD5
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Analysis of Communication Cost
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1.5x Faster
Pre shared key and MD5
faster but do not provide
good degree of security.

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Comparison of Cryptographic Operations
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Eliminates cryptographic operations for ECDSA signature

16. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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Comparison of Energy Cost
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~70%

17. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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Conclusion
 Secure network admission
 Authentication based Combined Pubic Key cryptography
 Secure access to service
 Certificateless and lightweight mutual authentication scheme
 Secure against user targeted attacks
 Resource efficient comparted to contemporary network
admission security schemes
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18. SECuRE and Trustworthy
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Thank You
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SECRETLab@UAB
 Phone: 205.934.8643
 Fax: 205.934.5473
 Web: http://secret.cis.uab.edu/
Mahmud Hossain
 Email: mahmud@uab.edu