3. Definition and Vision
Definition of Internet
A vast global network of connected servers, clouds, computers, tablets,
mobiles, devices and systems
Definition of Thing
Thing refers to a physical object, an action, idea, situation or activity, in case
when we need not be precise
Vision
A vision where things (wearable, watch, alarm clock, home devices,
surrounding objects with) become smart and behave alive through sensing,
computing and communicating systems
4. An IoT Conceptual Framework
Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of
Things … (1.1)
Source: An equation given by Adrian McEwen and Hakim Cassimally, ‘Designing Internet of
things’, Wiley, 2014
Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + organize and Analyse =
Internet of Things
Enterprise & Business Applications, Integration and SoA … (1.2)
[An Equation based on Oracle IoT Architecture in Fig. 1.5 of book]
Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage and
Analyse = Internet of Things connected to Cloud Services … (1.3)
[An Equation based on the IBM Framework Fig. 1.3]
6. IEEE suggested P2413 standard for
Architecture of IoT
A reference architecture of IoT
Covers the definition of basic architectural building blocks and their integration
capability into multi-tiered systems.
A reference model defining relation-ships among various IoT verticals, for
example, transportation and healthcare
Follows top-down approach (means consider top layer design first and then
move to the lowest)
Defines no new architecture and no reinvent but existing architectures
congruent with it
Gives a blueprint for data abstraction
Specifies abstract IoT domain for various IoT domains
Recommends quality ‘quadruple’ trust
“Protection, Security, Privacy, and Safety”
Strives for mitigating architecture divergence (s)
Addresses how to document
7. Diverse Technology-Environment
1. Hardware
Embedded Devices
Embedded hardware/software with Sensors/Actuators
Hardware (Arduino Raspberry Pi, Intel Edison, mBed, Beagle Bone Black and
Wireless SoC, )
2. Integrated development environment (IDE) and Software
Enables developing device software, firmware and APIs
Eclipse IoT Stack, Sense, ThingWorx, EvryThng,
Software (RIOT OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware, Eclipse IoT)
3. Communication Protocols
Embedded Devices/M2M
• CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP
• Communication (RFID, NFC, 6LowPAN,
UWB, ZigBee, Bluetooth LE, Power-line
Ethernet, LPWAN)
Network Protocols
• ZigBeeIP, RPL, IPv4, IPv6, UDP
• WiFi, WiMax, 2G/3G/4G/5G
8. Diverse Technology-Environment /2
4. Software Platforms
Internetwork Cloud Platforms (Xively, Nimbits, TCS Connected Universe Platform,
openHAB, AWS IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog, EvryThng)
Server
5a. Analyzing and Visualising
Analyzing data, streaming data, events streaming data
Descriptive, Prescriptive and Predictive Analytics
Data Visualisation
5b. Analytics & Machine Learning
Learning ability to learn continuously from data, and the ability to drive
actions/Applications/Business Processes
Machine learning algorithms, for example, GROK from Numenta Inc.
9. Steps Behind the IoTs
1. Device platform consisting of device hardware and software.
2. Microcontrollers (or custom chips)
3. Software for device APIs and web applications
4. Connecting and networking,
5. Server and web programming,
6. Cloud platform for storage and computing, and
7. Data Analytics, Visualization and Machine Learning
10. Major Components of IoT Systems
Sensors
Analog Sensors: thermistor, photoconductor, pressure gauge and Hall
sensor
Digital Sensors: touch sensor, proximity sensor, metal sensor, traffic
presence sensor, rotator encoder for measuring angles, linear encoders
for measuring position
Control Units
Most commonly used control unit in IoT consists of a microcontroller
unit (MCU) or
A custom chip or core in a VLSI or an SoC
Popular microcontrollers: ATmega 328, ATMega 32u4, ARM Cortex and
ARM LPC.
12. Popular IoT Development Boards
Arduino Boards
E.g. Arduino Yún
Using Microcontroller ATmega32u4
Includes Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB port, micro-SD card slot and three reset buttons
Runs Linux
Intel Galileo board
A line of Arduino-certified development boards.
Intel x86, Intel SOC X1000 Quark based System-On-Chip
Power over Ethernet (PoE) and 6 Analog Inputs
Beagle Board
Very low power requirement
Card like computer, Can run Android and Linux
Open source Hardware designs and the software for the IoT devices are
Raspberry Pi
Wi-Fi-connected device
Included code open source RasWIK
13. RFIDs
An identification system
Tagging and labelling
Tiny chips: passive, active and battery powered when reader nearby Wireless
Communication range 10 cm to 200 m
Standard frequency ranges: 120-150 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz and higher in UHF
and Microwave regions
Tracking and inventory control
Identification in supply chain systems
Access to buildings and road tolls
Secured store center entries
Devices such as RFID based temperature sensors
14. WSNs
WSN Network
Defined as a network in which each sensor node connect wirelessly
Capabilities of computations
Data compaction, aggregation and analysis
Each with communication as well as networking capabilities.
WSN Node
Autonomous: Independent computing power and capability to send
requests and receive responses, and data forward and routing
capabilities
15. Communication Modules and Software
Development Tools
Device message-queue
A device message-cache stores the received messages
Protocol handlers:
CoAP, HTTP, MQTT, TLS, DTLS
LWM2M, CoAP-SMS, CoAP-MQ,
Representational state transfer (REST)
architectural style
Used for HTTP access
GET, POST, PUT and DELETE methods for the resources
Building web services
16. Middleware
OpenIoT (open source middleware)
Communication with sensor clouds and Cloud-based ‘sensing as a
service
IoTSyS middleware provisioning of communication stack for smart
devices using IPv6, oBIX, 6LoWPAN
CoAP and multiple standards and protocols. The oBIX is standard
XML and web services
protocol oBIX (Open Building Information Xchange).
17. OS
RIOT: an operating system for IoT devices. supports developer and
multiple architectures
Including ARM7, Cortex-M0, Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, standard x86
PCs and TI MSP430 architectures.
Raspbian: a popular Raspberry Pi operating system Based on the
Debian distribution of Linux.
AllJoyn, open source OS created by Qualcomm Cross-platform OS
with APIs available for Android, iOS, OS X, Linux
Cloud Platforms as a Service
Sense, ThingWorx, Nimbits, Xively,
openHAB, AWS IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog, EvryThng,
Azure, TCS CUP
18. M2M System
Each machine in embeds a smart device
Device senses the data or status of the machine
Performs the computation and communication functions
A device communicates via wired or wireless systems
Protocols: 6LowPAN, LWM2M, MQTT, XMPP
Each device assigned 48-bits Ipv6 addresses
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) to IoT
Technology closely relates to IoT which use smart devices to collect data that
is transmitted via the Internet to other devices.
Close differences lies in M2M uses for device to device communication also
for coordinated monitoring and control purposes
19. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) to IoT
Application Areas
Connected Cars for Safety and
Infotainment
Remote Monitoring
ATMs/Point of Sales Terminal
Connected for centralized Security
Remote Monitoring, Trucks Fleet
Management
Communication Framework
DeviceHive
Enables connecting devices to the
IoTs
Web-based management software
that creates security rules based
networks and monitors devices
20. M2M Architecture
L3 : Device domain,
• Gateway
• Physical devices and
Controllers (the
things in IoT)
[Sensors, machines,
devices, Intelligent
Edge nodes of
Different Types
L2 : network
• M2M server, device
identity, device and
device-network
management, Data
Analysis, Abstraction,
Accumulation, and
Management
• uni-cast and multicast
message delivery
• Core functionalities for
monitoring
• Connectivity
(Communication and
Processing Units)
L1 : Application
domain
• Integration,
Collaboration and
M2M Application
Services
• Application
(Reporting, Analysis,
control)
21. M2M Protocols
Eclipse M2M Industry Working Group Various projects
Koneki
Eclipse SCADA for open standards for communication protocols,
tools, and frameworks
ITU-T Focus Group M2M (global standardization initiative for a
common M2M service layer
Weightless (wireless communications) Group for standards and using
wireless spaces for M2M
22. M2M Usages
Coordinated movement of tools, robots, drones
Refinery operations, sequential control at each stage during
manufacturing
Manufacturing of food packets
Assembly in assembly lines and
Tracking of failures along the railway tracks.
23. IIoT Usages
Manufacturing at multiple locations, railways, mining, agriculture, oil
and
gas, utilities, transportation, logistics and healthcare services along
usages of the Internet, and
Usages of software for analytics, machine learning, and knowledge
discovery in these areas
24. Wireless Sensors at Smart Home
Security sensors, cameras, thermostats, smart plugs, lights, Entertainment
systems. Do-it-Yourself (DIY) sensors
Actuators
Smart plug
Motion detector and Door/window detector
Smoke detector, meter interfaces (electric, gas and water)
Remote control (built-in authentication), smart relay, surveillance camera
Wireless Hi-Fi Speakers,
HUE LED lights
25. Applications
Mobile, tablets, IP-TV, VOIP telephony, video-conferencing, video-
on-demand, videos urveillance,
Wi-Fi and Internet,
Home security: access control and security alerts
Wi-Fi and Internet
Lighting control
Home health care
Fire detection: Leak detection
Energy efficiency Solar panel monitoring and control, Temperature
monitoring and HVAC control
26. Home Automation Software
Intel-based intelligent gateway enables creation a home automation
system offered by the service providers for telephony, mobile, cable,
broadband, and security
Open HAB enables the smart home devices communicate at home.
A Companion cloud computing service called my.openHAB
Runs on any Java enabled system
27. An Architectural View
Cloud (named Magic) based IoT platform for smart home
VPN: Virtual Private Network
DB: Database
IVR: Interactive Voice Response System,
UWB: Ultra Wideband
