about general introduction of diabetes mellitus

1. Diabetes
mellitus
Prepared by
Ms. Mahima Dubey
(M.Pharm)

2. INTRODUCTION
 Diabetes (Diabetes mellitus) is classified as a
metabolism disorder. Metabolism refers to the
way our bodies use digested food for energy
and growth, what we eat is broken down into
glucose. Glucose is a form of sugar in the
blood and it is the principle source of fuel for
human body.

3. Diabetes occurs in one of the
following situations:
 The pancreas (an organ behind your
stomach) produces little insulin or no insulin at
all. Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone,
produced by the beta cells of the pancreas,
which helps the body use sugar for energy.
 The pancreas makes insulin, but the insulin
made does not work as it should. This
condition is called insulin resistance.

4. Glucose and insuline regulation

5. Glucose
production

6. Types of diabetes
 Type 1 diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes
 Gestational
 Others form

7. Type I diabetes
 Type 1 diabetes occurs because the insulin-
producing cells of the pancreas (beta cells)
are damaged. In type 1 diabetes, the
pancreas makes little or no insulin, so sugar
cannot get into the body's cells for use as
energy. People with type 1 diabetes must use
insulin injections to control their blood
glucose.

8. Type II diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body's
cells resist the normal effect of insulin, which
is to drive glucose in the blood into the inside
of the cells. This condition is called insulin
resistance.

9. Gestational diabetes
 Gestational diabetes occurs when there is a
high blood glucose level during pregnancy. As
pregnancy progresses, the developing baby
has a greater need for glucose. Hormone
changes during pregnancy also affect the
action of insulin, which brings about high
blood glucose levels.

11. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Bladder, kidney, skin, or other infections,
fatigue and weight loss
 Polyphagia (increased hunger)
 Polydipsia (increased thirst)
 Polyuria (frequent urination)
 Blurred vision
 Erectile dysfunction
 Pain or numbness in the feet or hands

13. Diagnosis :- Blood test level

14. Classification of oral hypoglycemic drug
Oral hypoglycemic Mechanism of action Side effect
1. Sulfonylureas
 Glyburide
 Glyburide Micronized
 Glimiperide
 Glipizide
 Glipizide-gits
 Tolbutamide Chlorpropamide
 Tolazamide
 Stimulate first phase insulin
secretion by blocking K+ channel
in ß-cells
 Late hyperins ulinemia
 Hypoglycemia
 Weight gain
2. Biguanides
 Metformin  Decrease hepatic glucose
production.
 Nausea, Diarrhea
 Metformin-XR  Increase muscle glucose uptake
and utilization.
 Anorexia Lactic acidosis
3. Meglitinides
 Repaglinide
 Nateglinide
 Stimulate first phase insulin
secretion by blocking K+ channel
in ß-cells.
 Hypoglycemia
 Weight gain
4. Thiazolidinedine diones
 Rosiglitazone
 Pioglitazone
 Increase insulin sensitivity via
activation of PPAR-g receptors
 Fluid retention
 Weight gain
5. Alpha Glucoside Inhibitors
 Acarbose
 Miglitol
 Decrease hepatic glucose
production Delays glucose
absorption
 Flatulence
 Abdominal bloating