This document provides an introduction to earthquake resistant design. It discusses how adopting building codes with seismic design and construction requirements helps communities protect citizens from earthquakes. It also describes methods to construct earthquake resistant buildings, such as using base isolators with layers of rubber and steel to absorb earthquake energy. Engineers aim to increase structures' natural periods, install energy dissipating devices, and use reinforcement like securing buildings to foundations. The document outlines the basics of earthquake engineering and importance of minimizing earthquake impacts. It discusses seismic waves, seismographs, potential ground failures, and indirect quake effects like tsunamis. Historical earthquakes are also summarized along with the causes and forces of earthquakes.

1. CHAPTER 1

2. INTODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN
One of the primary ways a community protects itself and its
individual citizens from potential earthquake disasters is by
adopting and enforcing a building code with appropriate
seismic design and construction requirements.

3. • seismic design
-
construction requirements
-

4. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES
 While it is not possible to accurately predict earthquakes, measures
can be taken to reduce the devastation by constructing earthquake-
resistant structures.
 In earthquake-prone areas, buildings are now being constructed with
moorings filled with alternating layers of rubber and steel. These are
called base isolators. The rubber acts as an “earthquake absorber.”
Buildings with these types of moorings are designed to withstand a
magnitude 8.3 earthquake.

5.  In attempts to reduce damage to
structures, engineers try to
1. Increase the natural period of the
structure through “base isolation.”
2. Install “energy dissipating devices”
to dampen the system.
3. Simple reinforcement methods used by
engineers include using large bolts to
secure buildings to their foundations,
as well as providing supporting walls,
or shear walls, made of reinforced
concrete. This can help to reduce the
rocking effect of a building during and
after a seismic event.

6. EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
- a branch of civil engineering that provides the
principles and procedures for planning, analysis and design
of structures and facilities that are capable of resisting effect
of earthquakes

7. IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERINNG
• with this principles and techniques, societies can atleast minimized if not
completely eliminate earthquake catastrophes.
• Provides different principles and procedure for:
a. the selection of proper location of structures
b. the estimation of earthquakes force in a given time intervals
c. analysis of maximum stresses and deformation in affected structure
and environment
d. improvement of soil and stabilization of natural slope

8. It is based on the concepts from :
• Seismology
• Geology
• Probability theory
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Structural Engineering
• Structural Dynamics

9. EARTHQUAKE
• It strike w/o warning
• occur within the Earth’s crust along faults that suddenly release
large amounts of energy that have built up over long periods of time.
• Damage for inhabited areas due to natural hazard
• is manifested as ground shaking caused by the sudden released of
energy in earth crust.

11. SEISMIC WAVES
- are generated when rock within the crust breaks, producing a
tremendous amount of energy. The energy released moves out in all
directions as waves, much like ripples radiating outward when you drop
a pebble in a pond.

12. SEISMOGRAPH
• Seismographs are stationed on the flanks of the volcano
• These record the frequency, duration and intensity of the earthquakes
and report it back to the volcano observatory.

14. DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES
by causing ground failure
 producing other effect that may indirect affect the
structure
By shaking the ground on which the structure rest

15. POSSIBLE GROUND FAILURES
• Surface Faulting
• Ground Cracking
• Ground Subsidence
• Land Slides
• Soil Liquefaction

16. • Earthquake Faulting- during an earthquake the side of a fault may slip
relative to one another.
• Ground Cracking- is possible when the soil at the same surface losses it’s
support and sinks or when it is transported to a different location.
• Ground Subsidence- is a phenomenon in w/c the ground surface of the sites
settles or depresses as a result of the compaction induced by the vibratory effect
of the earthquake. Involves a uniform soil deformation , usually cause only
minor damage to a building .
• Landslides – failure of a slope that are marginally stable before the
earthquake and become unstable as a result of a violent shaking generated by
earthquake.
• Soil Liquefaction- soil temporary change from solid to liquid state and it’s
loose.

17. INDIRECT EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE
• Tsunami
• Seiches
• Fires

18. • Tsunami – are large sea waves generated by a sudden depression of the
ocean floor.

21. • Seiches- are long period oscillating waves generated by
distant earthquakes in enclosed body of water such as bays,
lakes, reservoir, and even swimming pools.

22. SOURCES OF EARTHQUAKE
1.Orogenic movements such as mountain building
2. Subduction and plate convection followed by geothermal and
mechanical disturbances
3. Volcanic activity
4. Land erosion

23. Orogenic movements
• Orogenic movements and crust convection are mainly responsible for mountain
building and valley forming—in other words, the constant changes affecting the
surface of the earth.
Subduction
As the ocean floor exerts pressure on the coastline of the continent, the leading
edge of the ocean floor is pushed under the continent, carrying down sea deposits,
including the remains of organisms

25. EARTHQUAKE FORCE
• Gravity
• Wind
• Thermal

26. DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE FORCES
• Identification of the source of earthquakes
• Determine the probable size of future earthquakes
• Orientation of seismic source with respect to structures
location
• Analysis and improvement of foundation soil to asses it’s
susceptibility to earthquakes effect.

27. HISORICAL BACKROUND
Robert Mallet – an Irish civil Engineer ,is often cited as the first earthquake
engineer and his report on the 1857 Naples Earthquake is consider to be the
first scientific investigation that included observation of the seismological,
geological, and engineering aspect of earthquakes.
Nobi Earthquake ( Japan in 1891)- modern earthquakes on earthquake
resistant structure began ,produce 7000 deaths : also known as Mino-Owari
Earthquakes, first proposed the used of a lateral force equal to a fraction of the
total weight of a building to account for the forces exerted on building by
earthquakes.

28. Messina Earthquake(1908)
- in Italy this earthquakes produced 58000 deaths, lead to the opponent of
a committee composed of practicing and academic engineers to study the
earthquakes and the formulation of practical recommendation for the seismic
design of buildings.

29. HISTORY OF MAJOR INTERNATIONAL AND
PHILIPPINE EARTHQUAKE
• SOME OF THE PHILIPPINES’ NOTABLE EARTHQUAKE
EXPERIENCES
COTOBATO: DAMAGED BRIDGE
Unfortunately, there was no time for the Pacific Tsunami Warning
Center to issue a warning before a large local tsunami struck the
region just minutes after the earthquake,

31. THE LUZON
EARTHQUAKE
M7.8
JULY 16, 1990
4:26 PM

32. JULY 1990, BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES.
DEATHS ABOUT 5000.

33. • The earthquake occurred on the Philippine fault system, a well-known strike-slip
fault zone.
• The rupture produced a 125 km-long surface scarp stretching from Dingalan,
Aurora to Cuvapo, Nueva Eciia.
INTERNATIONAL HISTORY
One of the most devastating earthquakes in history occurred on 23
January 1556 in the Shaanxi province, China, killing more than 830,000
people (see 1556 Shaanxi earthquake). Most of the population in the
area at the time lived in yaodongs, artificial caves in loess cliffs, many of
which collapsed during the catastrophe with great loss of life. The 1976
Tangshan earthquake, with death toll estimated to be between 240,000
to 655,000, is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century
by death toll.

34. 1995: JAPAN (KOBE). RICHTER SCALE: 7.2,
DEATHS: 6348, COST ($M): 200,000

35. 2010: CHILE (MAULE REGION). RICHTER
SCALE: 8.8, DEATHS: 486

36. 2011: JAPAN. RICHTER SCALE: 8.9.
(DEATHS & COST UNDETERMINED AT THIS
TIME)

37. 1908: ITALY (MESSINA). RICHTER SCALE: 7.5,
DEATHS: 25,926, COST: ($M) 116

38. THE RING OF FIRE

39. • "Ring of Fire" is a circular arc of active volcanoes that surrounds the Pacific
Ocean basin.
• Also known as Circum-pacific Seismic- Belt
Zones that includes Ring of Fire
1. A zone that extends from the Aleutian Islands through Alaska; the Pacifi c
side of Canada, the United States, and Mexico; Central America; the Pacifi c
side of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru all the way down to Chile
2. A zone that goes from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia; through the Kuril
Islands, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines; to New Guinea, Indonesia, and New
Zealand .

40. “
”
THERE IS NO PERFECT DESIGN IN THE
WORLD EXCEPT IN GOD’S DESIGN

41. THANK YOU 🙂