The document provides information about the planning and development of the cities of Chandigarh and Navi Mumbai in India. It discusses how Chandigarh was designed by Le Corbusier as a planned city to serve as the capital of Punjab and Haryana. It describes the master plan layout including sectors, roads, buildings and more. For Navi Mumbai, it outlines how the city was planned by CIDCO starting in 1971 using a polycentric approach with decentralized nodes to avoid overconcentration in any one area. It lists the major nodes of Navi Mumbai and provides a brief overview of their development.
3. Chandigarh is a city, district and union territory in India that serves
as the capital of the two neighbouring states of Punjab and
Haryana. The city is unique as it is not a part of either of the two
states but is governed directly by the Union Government, which
administers all such territories in the country.
Area
• Union territory 114 km2 (44 sq mi)
Population (2011)
• Union territory 1,055,450
• Density 9,262/km2 (23,988/sq mi)
• Metro[2] 1,025,682 (51st)
• Urban area[3] 1,611,770
Chandigarh is the first example of a state-funded master-planned
modernisation scheme. It is as famous for its landscaping as for its
architectural ambience. Most of the buildings are in pure, cubical
form, geometrically subdivided with emphasis on proportion,
scale and detail.
Chandigarh was for Nehru and Le Corbusier an embodiment of
the egalitarian potential offered by modernism, where the
machine age would complete the liberation of the nation's
citizens through the productive capacity of industrial technology
and the relative ease of constructing civic facilities such as dams,
hospitals, and schools; the very antithesis of the conservative and
traditional legacy of colonialism.
INTRODUCTION
4. HISTORY
During the crisis of country division, the Punjabi government elected to build a new capital
city in a plain situated along an existing railroad track 270 kilometers (167.8 miles) north of
New Delhi.
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, was determined that this new city should
project an image of modernity and progress
He hired American architect Albert Mayer and his collaborator Matthew Nowicki.
Over the next year, the pair began to develop a plan based on the Garden City model but,
when Nowicki died unexpectedly in an accident in August 1950, Mayer withdrew from the
project.
The directors of the Chandigarh Capital Project went to Europe to search for a replacement.
Le Corbusier agreed on the condition that his cousin, Pierre Jeanneret, be hired as the site
architect.
Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, the English couple and architectural team who had suggested Le
Corbusier for the project, also agreed to work on the housing for the project; Le Corbusier would
be in charge of further developing and detailing the preliminary plan already laid out by Mayer
and Nowicki.
5. COCEPT DEVELOPMENT
The inspiration for Le Corbusier’s master plan has been credited to a number of sources. Its
emphasis on ample green space between its roads and buildings drew from the architect’s own
concept of the Ville Radieuse – albeit with the towering glass skyscrapers replaced by sculptures
reflecting Chandigarh’s governmental purpose.
Le Corbusier had the opportunity to utilize those same principles on the untouched Punjabi
countryside.
Chandigarh’s system of grand boulevards with key focal points appears to have been
derived from that of Paris, It is also likely that inspiration for these qualities came from the
earlier plan for New Delhi, a more local example of comprehensive city planning aimed at
the glorification of the state.
The overall rectilinear format of Chandigarh has also been compared to the squared
layout of medieval Beijing; the new city was therefore based on at least three auspicious
national capitals.
While the Master Plan took form as Le Corbusier envisioned, he wasnt pleased with the
housing plans. he architect intended to apply his Unité d'Habitation concept to
Chandigarh, inserting residential highrises for the city’s government employees into the
otherwise low-lying city; despite his efforts, however, the local government demurred, and
the design of the residential units became the sole responsibility of Jeanneret, Fry, and
Drew.
6. The city of Chandigarh is planned to
human scale.
Head–capitol (place of power)
Heart –the city centre
Stomach–the commercial area
Arms–university and Industrial zone
Lungs–leisure valley ,open spaces
Arteries–network of roads
The city of Chandigarh was developed in 3 phases :
Sectors 1 to 30 have been developed in Phase-I , it
was completely developed in 1975. Sector 31to 47
have been developed in PhaseII , for
accommodating population of 5 lakhs in combined.
Sectors from 48 to 56 in Phase III has been taken up
7. RESIDENCES
The residences fell into thirteen categories based on the rank and incomes of the government
officials who would inhabit them.
Each category was assigned both a number denoting its rank in this financial scheme and a
letter indicating its designer; however, all were unified in their modern, geometric simplicity. The
primary visual interest in the otherwise monolithically rectangular buildings came from the deep
overhangs and recesses employed for the purpose of shading, along with perforated screens
and, in some cases, verandahs.
The residential buildings were governed by a mechanism known as 'frame control' created
by the municipal administration to control their facades. This fixed the building line and
height and the use of building materials. Certain standard sizes of doors and windows are
specified and all the gates and boundary walls must conform to standard design. The idea
was to ensure that the view from the street, which belonged to the community, was of
same visual order and discipline to maintain uniformity
8.
9. Now isolated from its urban context, the Capitol complex took on a distinct aesthetic and spatial
vocabulary. The Governor’s Palace was to be placed at its head, with the High Court and Palace of
the Assembly opposite each other nearby and the Secretariat off to the side, subordinated by virtue
of its unceremonious location. For the forms of the buildings themselves, Le Corbusier applied a
combination of traditional Classical features and Indian design innovations, all simplified and realized
in concrete.
The Governor’s Palace, the intended centerpiece of the Capitol complex, was ultimately deemed
“undemocratic” by Nehru and removed from the scope of the project. In its place stands a lone
sculpture of an enormous hand seemingly melded with a dove. The sculpture, almost PIcasso-esque in
its stylization, was so important to Le Corbusier that he repeatedly urged Nehru to approve its
construction despite the latter’s admonition that India could not afford the expense.
CAPITOL COMPLEX
His original concepts designated the capital complex as the head of the Master Plan, with
drawings from late 1951 depicting the Secretariat on a clear line of sight with the rest of the city
and framed by the Himalayas in the background.
After his plans for residential project was handed away from him, Le Corbusier altered his plans
significantly, placing artificial hills between the Capitol complex and the rest of Chandigarh,
breaking the line of sight between the two.
It is said that this was not accidental: not only did Corbusier draw a series of sections to verify
that pedestrians could not see one from the other, he ordered workmen to remove a path over
the top of the hills on the grounds that “The city must never be seen.”
10.
11. SECTORS
The key of modern urbanism is 'the Sector', which was
defined as a container of family life (24 solar hours:
night and day). Each sector was 800 meters by 1,200
meters, enclosed by roads allocated to
fastmechanized transport and sealed to direct
access from the houses. The population would be
approximately from 5,000 to 20,000 inhabitants.
Chandigarh had 30 sectors.
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
All buildings located in the City Centre and commercial or institutional buildings
located along V-2 roads were subjected to controls. The system of the City
Centre was based on a grid of columns. fixed 5.26 meters shuttering pattern on
concrete and a system of glazing or screen walls behind the line of columns.
The interior planning was left to the owners. and in the exterior, certain
variations are permitted to give variety to the architectural composition.
12.
13. ROAD NETWORK
Corbusiers new roads were assigned a hierarchy, ranging from “V1” arterials that connected
cities to “V7” pedestrian paths and “V8” bicycle paths.The grid of roadways bounded large
Sectors (originally referred to as “Urban Villages” in the Mayer scheme), each of which featured
a strip of greenspace along the north-south axis crossed with a commercial road running from
east to west. The new layout compressed Mayer’s 6,908 acres down to 5,380 acres, increasing
the density of the city by 20% while still essentially respecting the principles of the Garden City
Movement.
The roads of the city were classified into seven
categories, known as the system of 7 Vs.
• V-1 Fast roads connecting Chandigarh to other
towns;
• V-2 Arterial roads;
• V-3 Fast vehicular roads;
• V-4 Free Flowing shopping streets;
• V-5 Sector circulation roads;
• V-6 Access roads to houses;
• V-7 Footpaths and cycle tracks
17. CRITICISMS
Criticisms are well established of the implementation of the postcolonial vision of Nehru and Le Corbusier,
and of the critical emphasis on its influence.
Corbusier's plan of hierarchy wasn’t in line with indias vision against discrimination.
Furthermore, the early over-saturation of the minimalist International Style on building design in
Chandigarh has attracted criticisms of effecting a "democratic, self-effacing banality", though this
criticism is perhaps negligent of how this was necessary in galvanising higher standards of urban living
throughout the country.
With the development of the city, it is also
confronting some problems because population
increased in city due to high rate of migration to
cities and due to that :
Water supply demand is increased
Sanitation problem occurs
slum development started
20. Navi Mumbai also known by its former name New Bombay, is a planned city off the west coast of the
Indian state of Maharashtra.
The city is divided into two parts, North Navi Mumbai and South Navi Mumbai, for the individual
development of Panvel Mega City, which includes the area from Kharghar to Uran.
Navi Mumbai has a population of 1,119,477 as per the 2011 provisional census. It has average city
elevation excluding forest area of 14 meters.
The planning of Navi Mumbai began in 1971, and involved leading architects and
urban planner like, Charles Correa (Chief Architect), Shirish Patel, Pravina Mehta
and R. K. Jha (Chief Planner), The City and Industrial Development Corporation
(CIDCO) was established on 17 March 1971, under the Indian Companies Act,
1956 for this purpose.
The area covered 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the total 720 kilometres (450 mi) of the
Konkan coast. Privately owned land consisting of 86 villages covering 15,954
hectares (39,420 acres) within the present limits of Navi Mumbai and further
villages measuring an additional 2,870 hectares (7,100 acres) were acquired by
the government of Maharashtra.
The major part of Navi Mumbai covers the southern part of Thane Taluka (from
Thane District) and part of Panvel and Uran taluka (from Raigad District).
CIDCO planned and constructed all the railway stations, roads and public spaces in
Navi Mumbai and developed nearby areas commercially.
INTRODUCTION
21. The Navi Mumbai project began in 1971 with the formation of City and Industrial Development
Corporation (CIDCO). CIDCO was set up by Government of Maharashtra (GoM) as public limited
company under Indian Companies Act and is wholly owned by the GoM.
In March 1971, CIDCO was designated as the New Town Development Authority (NTDA) for Navi
Mumbai. The seed capital given to CIDCO was Rs. 3.95 cr. and it was expected that it would use
land as resource to finance the project.
The Navi Mumbai project area spread over approx. 343.7 sq.kms, contained 95 villages of Thane and
Raigad Districts. The area covered under the project had about 17,000 hectares of private land and
an equal area of forest and government land. Most of the land was marshy and barren. The existing
population in the project area was 1,17,000.
To act as counter-magnet to Mumbai, the new city would have to provide the new inhabitants with
all facilities, amenities, jobs, etc that shall equal if not better Greater Mumbai. The growth of Navi
Mumbai was expected to decongest Mumbai in respect of both population and activities by shifting
of industrial, market and office activities in a way that the new city will be sustainable physically,
economically and environmentally.
CIDCO - CITY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION OF MAHARASHTRA
CIDCO is a company wholly owned by the Govt. Of Maharashtra and was
incorporated on 17th march 1970
22. Planning team uses polycentric approach to promote decentralization and avoid concentration
of activities
This was achieved through the nodal system of city plan
Principles regarding the design of masterplan were
• Decentralization by the design of self sufficient nodes
• Residential only neighbourhoods
• Single use zoning
• City divided into nodes, nodes divided to multiple sectors
• Each nodes designed to incorporate multiple income groups
• Advanced infrastructure to solve disaster issues
Nodes contain residential, commercial, infrastructure and recreational uses
CONCEPT
23. NODES OF NAVI MUMBAI
The planners of Navi Mumbai divide the city into 14
nodes which are as
follows.
1. Airoli
2. Ghansoli
3. Kopar – Khairane
4. Vashi
5. Sanpada
6. Nerul
7. CBD Belapur
8. Kharghar
9. Kalamboli
10.Kamothe
11.New Panvel
12.Dronagiri
13.Ulwe
14.Pushpak
Originally Navi Mumbai
Consist of 12 nodes
24. AIROLI
Airoli is a well-developed residential and commercial node of Navi Mumbai. The suburb has great
connectivity to Vashi, another one of Navi Mumbai’s developed neighborhood. Airoli has two chief
residential areas, namely Airoli Village and Diva Village.
GHANSOLI
One of the fastest growing nodes of Navi Mumbai. With well-designed roads, planned
infrastructure, and greenery. Ghansoli is one of the most prominent residential townships in
Navi Mumbai.
KOPER KHAIRANE
Situated at a distance of 12 Km from Thane and 7 Km from Vashi, Koper Khairane is the 4th station on
the Thane-Turbhe-Vashi railway line.The Reliance Industries has announced to build a very large
corporate house here and which will surely cause a sudden rise in real estate prices here
VASHI
offers to its residents several state-of-the-art residential complexes and well developed and maintained
infrastructure. This meticulously planned development has aided in its growth and increase in popularity,
attracting hordes of investors and consumers.
Sanpada
an upcoming residential node of Navi Mumbai, developed by City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra
(CIDCO). Located parallel to Sion-Panvel Expressway, Sanpada has lately become one of the hottest residential destinations
in Navi Mumbai
25. KHARGHAR
divided into 45 sectors, is one of the best designed nodes of Navi Mumbai. The locality is situated to the
east of Vashi and Sanpada, and consists of twelve village settlements. Essentially a residential township,
there are commercial properties on the rise in Kharghar.
ULWE
a new and upcoming locality, is one of the fastest growing nodes of Navi Mumbai. The peaceful suburb in
Raigad district, is located south of Kharghar and Seawoods nodes of Navi Mumbai. This node has also
been planned and developed by CIDCO and is fast becoming a preferred destination for many.
PANVEL
presently the most improved area around all the hubs of Navi Mumbai. Due to the quick advancement
in land of Panvel and its connectivity with Pune and Alibaug, it is becoming a big investment hotspot.
The newly proposed highway and metro are just within a 5 km radius and the area offers easy
accessibility to all the central locations.
THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT OF BELAPUR (C.B.D BELAPUR)
This area is one of the fastest developing region in Navi Mumbai in terms of new residential and
commercial construction projects. CBD Belapur is a chief business district of Mumbai after Vashi, Bandra-
Kurla Complex, Nariman Point and Worli.
26. CITY DEVELOPMENT
In 1973, the Vashi bridge was opened to the public for residents of Vashi, CBD Belapur and Nerul. The
Sion-Panvel Highway was built to reduce the time taken to travel from Sion to Panvel. Initially, there was
not much response to the new city. Major changes took place only after 1990, with the commissioning
of a wholesale agricultural produce market at Vashi and the construction of a commuter railway line
from Mankhurd to Vashi in May 1992. These developments caused a sudden growth in economic
activities and population in Navi Mumbai.
After appointment as the New Town Development Authority for Navi Mumbai, CIDCO prepared the
Draft Development Plan for Navi Mumbai which was approved by the State Government in August 1979
and came into force with effect from March 1980.
The sanctioned Navi Mumbai Development Plan envisaged broad land use Zones such as Residential,
Commercial, Institutional, Industrial, Regional Park, No Development, etc. The development and the
uses to be permitted within these zones is governed by the General Development Control Regulation
(GDCRs), sanctioned by the State Government.
Within the boundaries of the 343.70 sqkm project area, the Panvel and Uran towns, MIDC area, MESB
area, Defence lands and existing gaothans together added to 50 sqkm. of area. Of the balance 294
sqkm. area, private land was 166 sqkm (57%), saltpan land was 27 sqkm. (9%) and Govt. Land was 101
sqkms. (34%).
27. Salient Features of Navi Mumbai City
• Spread over 344 sq. km. land, which includes a 150 km creek line.
• 14 well-planned nodes, strung along mass transport corridors, effectively serving civic needs (Airoli,
Ghansoli, Kopar Khairane, Vashi, Sanpada, Nerul, CBD Belapur, Kharghar, Kamothe, Kalamboli,
New Panvel, Ulwe, Dronagiri and Pushpak).
• 45% land reserved for green zones and open-to-sky activities.
• World-class infrastructure with excellent healthcare facilities in every node.
• Quality housing for every stratum of society.
• World-class education institutes in every node.
• Reasonably priced commercial and residential real estate.
• Direct access to any part of the country through road and rail.
• Quick access to Central Business District located in the heart of the city.
• In close proximity to the most modern seaport – Jawaharlal Nehru Port.
• International airport and Special Economic Zone in the offing.
• Only Indian city to have commercial complex above railway stations.
• Asia’s biggest wholesale market, APMC, is located here.
28. NAVI MUMBAI RAILWAY CONNECTIVITY
29km long rail line was conceptualised to improve connectivity from Central Mumbai to Navi Mumbai
Most of space above the railway are converted into commercial complex.
Vashi, Belapur, Nerul & Panvel are the major railway junction
TRANS HARBOUR – THANE TO VASHI & THANE TO PANVEL
HARBOUR LINE – FROM MUMBAI CST TO PANVEL
Navi Mumbai is well connected to major cities like Kalyan (via Kalyan Shilphata Road), Pimpri
Chinchwad (via way), Pune (via way) and Lonavala (via Highway).
Municipal Transport (NT) and Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) buses ply through
this city to various places like Mumbai, Kalyan, Badlapur, Panvel and Do mbivali, Vashi, Nerul and
Kharghar.
BEST – Brihanmumbai Electric Supply & Trnsport
NMMT – Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport
AC Bus – From Vashi to Andheri, Mahape & Kharghar.
Kalyan – Via Shilphata Rd.
Pimpri-Chinchwad via Sion-Panvel Highway
