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A European Proposal for Comparative Cluster Policy Research
Silicon Valley Y Valley Silicon X © Max-Peter Menzel „ Presidents, ministers, and dignitaries come in pilgrimage here, in well-publicized delegations that aim to capitalize the visit in social prestige or political votes back home.“ (Castells/Hall 1994, S. 12) Motivation: Best Practice & Copycat Behavior
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Guiding Questions
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Comparative Cluster Policy Research: Outline
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cluster Initiative  =   an organised effort to increase the growth and competitiveness of a cluster within a region, involving  cluster firms , government and/or the research community  (Sölvell et al. 2003, p. 31) Cluster Initiative vs. Cluster Policy
1) cf. Fromhold-Eisebith/Eisebith 2005, p. 1256 PPP Dimensions of Cluster Policy Governance 1 Public Private Cluster reference 1 Implicit Explicit Complexity Single Instrument Holistic Approach Cluster Orientation Low High Coherence Low High Institutionalisation Weak Strong Maturity Embryonic Completed
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Case Study Regions: Western Germany Hannover Region: hannoverimpuls GmbH Wolfsburg AG Projekt Region Braunschweig GmbH Regensburg Nuremberg Region/ Central Franconia dortmund-project Wuppertal-Solingen- Remscheid: kompetenzhoch3 Cartography: Stephan Pohl
Cf. Kiese 2008, p. 133 A Public Choice Model of Cluster Promotion Academia Conceptual Action Space Economic Rationality Political Action Space Political Rationality Practical Action Space Bureaucratic Rationality Implementation Electorate P P P A A A A P Principal-Agent- Constellation Cluster Theory Methods for Cluster Identification & Analysis Advice
“ Even if the public authority that oversees the cluster is highly competent and attempts to maximise local welfare, an  optimal cluster policy  looks like  something extraordinarily difficult  to achieve.“ “ Cluster policies that already look fraught with difficulties in a world of benevolent governments look  extremely unappealing when political agency is explicitly taken into account .“ (Duranton 2009, p. 26-27; emphasis added) Public Choice Economics: Implications for Cluster Policy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Understanding of Clusters in German Policy and Practice
Stylized Facts on Regional Cluster Policy in Germany ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cf. Kiese 2008, p. 133 Fuzzy Action Spaces of Cluster Promotion Academia Conceptual Action Space Economic Rationality Political Action Space Political Rationality Practical Action Space Bureaucratic Rationality Implementation Electorate P P P A A A A P Principal-Agent- Constellation Cluster Theory Methods for Cluster Identification & Analysis Advice Blurred action spaces and rationalities: ,[object Object],[object Object]
Case Study Regions in the U.S. Stockinger 2010, p. 66 (Cartography: Stephan Pohl) ,[object Object],[object Object],Portland Southern Oregon Philadelphia Pittsburgh Research Triangle Piedmond Triad
Liberal Market Economies Coordinated Market Economies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Global Cluster Initiative Survey (GCIS II), Ketels et al. 2006, p. 22 1) Hall/Soskice 2001 Cluster Policy and  Varieties of Capitalism 1
Cluster Policies in Germany vs. U.S.: Selected Differences Cf. Stockinger et al. 2009, Sternberg et al. (forthcoming) 1) cf. Amin/Thrift 1993; 2) cf. Putnam 1995; 3) van den Berg/Braun 1999 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Policy area ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],National System of Innovation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Institutional setting Germany U.S. Implementation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Policy Transfer: Channels and Determinants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Consultants as Transfer Agents: The McKinsey Case Hannover Region: hannoverimpuls GmbH Wolfsburg AG Projekt Region Braunschweig GmbH City of Regensburg Nuremberg Region/ Central Franconia District dortmund-project Bergisches Städtedreieck: kompetenzhoch3 Cartography: Stephan Pohl ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transfer Channels: Summary of Evidence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Widespread Consultants Common, but doubts about transferability Journeys Low, limited to regional/national scene German practitioners hardly participate in international KCs Knowledge communities Informal exchange btw state ministries, otherwise rare Personal communication Some cases in cluster management for transfer of procedural knowledge Personnel mobility low (limited to Porter, manuals hardly known nor used) Literature Occurrence / Relevance Channel
Interregional vs. Path-dependent Institutional Learning based on Hassink/Lagendijk (2001: 69), also cf. Nonaka/Takeuchi 1995 Interregional learning is embedded in path-dependent local learning processes. Cluster approach generic explicit accumulated experience, learning by doing („laboratory“) local-specific tacit (Re-)Contex-tualisation Decoding Adaption Decontex-tualisation Codification Regional cluster concept path-dependent learning (incremental, cumulative)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Comparative Cluster Policy Research: Towards an Agenda ,[object Object]
Thank you for your kind attention!
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],References (1/2)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],References (2/2)

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Matthias kiese

  • 2. Silicon Valley Y Valley Silicon X © Max-Peter Menzel „ Presidents, ministers, and dignitaries come in pilgrimage here, in well-publicized delegations that aim to capitalize the visit in social prestige or political votes back home.“ (Castells/Hall 1994, S. 12) Motivation: Best Practice & Copycat Behavior
  • 3.
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  • 5.
  • 6. 1) cf. Fromhold-Eisebith/Eisebith 2005, p. 1256 PPP Dimensions of Cluster Policy Governance 1 Public Private Cluster reference 1 Implicit Explicit Complexity Single Instrument Holistic Approach Cluster Orientation Low High Coherence Low High Institutionalisation Weak Strong Maturity Embryonic Completed
  • 7.
  • 8. Cf. Kiese 2008, p. 133 A Public Choice Model of Cluster Promotion Academia Conceptual Action Space Economic Rationality Political Action Space Political Rationality Practical Action Space Bureaucratic Rationality Implementation Electorate P P P A A A A P Principal-Agent- Constellation Cluster Theory Methods for Cluster Identification & Analysis Advice
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19. Interregional vs. Path-dependent Institutional Learning based on Hassink/Lagendijk (2001: 69), also cf. Nonaka/Takeuchi 1995 Interregional learning is embedded in path-dependent local learning processes. Cluster approach generic explicit accumulated experience, learning by doing („laboratory“) local-specific tacit (Re-)Contex-tualisation Decoding Adaption Decontex-tualisation Codification Regional cluster concept path-dependent learning (incremental, cumulative)
  • 20.
  • 21. Thank you for your kind attention!
  • 22.
  • 23.

Editor's Notes

  1. May also apply to developing economies.
  2. HP-Garage 1939 (erstes Produkt: Tonfrequenzgenerator); heute Pilgerstätte für SV-Touristen Diffusion des Silicon Valley-Modells für regionale Hightech-Entwicklung Häufiger Fehler neben politischem Wunschdenken: Versuch einzelne Determinanten der Regionalentwicklung aus dem Kontext herauszulösen und isoliert zu übertragen. Beispiel: Risikokapital
  3. Die bisherigen Definitionen von Clusterpolitik reichen nicht aus, um das Phänomen empirisch zu operationalisieren bzw. abzugrenzen. Sieben Dimensionen zur Definition und Einordnung von Clusterpolitik.
  4. "In social sciences, especially economics, a stylized fact is a simplified presentation of an empirical finding. […] A stylized fact is often a broad generalization, which although essentially true may have inaccuracies in the detail." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylized_fact, Abruf 25.02.2008)
  5. Die international vergleichende Clusterpolitikforschung aus der institutionellen VoC-Perspektive haben wir natürlich nicht selbst erfunden... GCIS II (Anfang 2005): 713 Clusterinitiativen aus 71 Ländern
  6. Im Mechanismus des unilateralen Policy-Shopping werden Transfers weder politisch (Hierarchie) noch ökonomisch (Wettbewerb) erzwungen noch verhandelt oder fachlich ausdiskutiert. Besonders bei komplexen Wirkungszusammenhängen und Unsicherheit über die möglichen Folgen alternativer Problemlösungen streben Akteure nach Risikominimierung, indem sie Modelle übernehmen, die anderswo erfolgreich erprobt wurden.
  7. „ evolutionise!“ Circle and arrow not proportional to their practical significance: arrow should be much bigger, circle not continuous/interrupted