2. PRESENTATION ON
THE PROCESS APPROACH
Presented By
Shahzad Ahmed
Public Policy & Public Administration
Central University of Jammu
3. Approaches to Public Policy
Analysis
Proces Approach
Introduction to Public Policy.
What is Public Policy Analysis ?
Different Approaches.
• The Institutional Model
• The Neo-Institutional Model
• Group Model
• Elite/ Mass Model
• System Model
4. Public Policy
• Why We Study Public Policy ?
To cope better with future.
It improve our knowledge about the
society
Society’s future
• Importance in developing countries.
• Public Policy designed to alleviate personal
descomfort or social unease
7. Policy Analysis
• Policy Analysis is finding out what government do, why
they do it, and what difference, if any, it makes.
Description:-
What Govt. is Doing (or not doing)
Causes:-
we can inquire about the causes, or determinants, of
public policy. Why is public policy what it is? Why do
governments do what they do? We might inquire
about the effects of political institutions, processes,
and behaviors on public policies.(Linkage B ) e.g
Taxation
We can also inquire about the effects of social,
economic, and cultural forces in shaping public
8. CONTD…..
Consequences
we can inquire about the consequences, or impacts, of
public policy. Learning about the consequences of public
policy is often referred to as policy evaluation. What
difference, if any, does public policy make in people's lives?
We might inquire about the effects of public policy on
political institutions and processes.(Linkage F)
We also want to examine the impact of public policies on
conditions in society (Linkage D ). For example, does capital
punishment help to deter crime?
9. Linkage A: What are the effects of social and economic conditions on political and governmental
institutions, processes, and behaviors?
Linkage B: What are the effects of political and governmental institutions, processes, and behaviors
on public policies?
Linkage C: What are the effects of social and economic conditions on public policies?
Linkage D: What are the effects {feedback} of public policies on social and economic conditions?
Linkage E: What are the effects (feedback} of political and governmental institutions, processes, and
behaviors on social and economic conditions?
Linkage F: What are the effects {feedback} of public policies on political and governmental institutions,
processes, and behaviors?
10. Specifically, policy analysis involves:
1. A primary concern with explanation rather
than prescription.
2. A rigorous search for the causes and
consequences of public policies.
3. An effort to develop and test general
propositions about the causes and
consequences of public policy and to
accumulate reliable research findings of
general relevance.
12. POLICY ANALYSIS AS ART AND
CRAFT
• Understanding public policy is both an art and a
craft. It is an art because it requires insight,
Creativity, and imagination in identifying societal
problems and describing them, in devising public
policies that might alleviate them, and then in
finding out whether these policies end up making
things better or worse. It is a craft because these
tasks usually require some knowledge of
economics,political science,public administration,
sociology, law, and statistics. Policy analysis is
really an applied subfield of all of these
traditional academic disciplines.
13. “Policy analysis is one activity for
which there can be no fixed
program, for policy analysis is
synonymous with creativity, which
may be stimulated by theory and
sharpened by practice,which can be
learned but not taught.”
(Aaron Wildavsky)
14. Models for Policy
Analysis
A model is a simplified representation of some aspect of
the real world.
The models we shall use in studying policy are conceptual
models. These are word models that try to
• Simplify and clarify our thinking about politics and
public policy.
• Identify important aspects of policy problems.
• Help us to communicate with each other by focusing on
essential features of political life.
• Direct our efforts to understand public policy better by
suggesting what is important and what is unimportant.
• Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its
consequences.
15. Broadly there are two major
approaches to public policy.
• Institutional
• Neo-institutional
• Group model
• Elite/ Mass Model
• System Approach
• Rational-choice
Model
• Incremental
• Game Theoritic
• Stream and Window
Process Approaches Output Approaches
16. Institutional Model
The Institutional Approach/Model
This has traditionally been the standard
approach to studying not just policy but also
basic government activities in politicl sphere.
This approach suggests that the basis of public
policy lies in variuos institutions and organs of
state, such as Legislature, executive, judiciary,
political parties and so on.
• Govt. lends Legitimacy to policies.
• Govt. policies involve Universality .
• Govt. monopolizes Coercion in society.
17. The Neo-institutional Model
• The neo-institutional, such as institutional, are
concerned majorly with political institutions.
• However, they are more concerned about
how different policy types (i.e Substantive,
Distributive & redistributive, Regulatory and
Capitalization ) actully relate to the branches
of government.
18. Group Theory
• This Model assert that special interest groups and
lobbies heavily influence the determination of public
policy.
Eg:- in the making economics policies, chambers of
commerce or groups of rich farmers can try to
influence policies.
• There would be several groups in society some of
which may enter into conflict among each other.
Thus sometimes public policy is formulated as a
resulting process or outcomes of balancing of
conflicting interests of the variuos pressure groups.
19. FIGURE :- The Group Model The group model assumes that public
policy is a balance of interest group influence; policies change when
particular interest groups gain or Lose influence.
20. Elite/Mass Model
• This approach suggests that public policy largely
reflects the preferences, choices and values of
small elite, which is in a position to govern.
• This approach or theory suggests that the
majority population is somewhat passive and
most people are not so well informed as to be
able to influence policy.
• Thus the viewpoints and preferences of the elite
get reflected in public policy.
21. Figure :- The Elite Model The elite model implies that public policy does
not flow upward from demands by the people, but rather downward
from the interests,values, and preferences of elites.
