1. Lecture no : 2
Rehabilitation Engineering
Mr. Muhammad Moazzam
Lecturer(Biomedical Department)
University of the Lahore
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3. Levels of Care
1. Primary health care level
2. Secondary health care level
3. Tertiary health care level
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4. Primary health care
• The “first” level of contact between the individual and the health
system.
• Closest to the people.
• A majority of prevailing health problems can be satisfactorily
managed.
• Preventive, promotive and curative services are provided
• Provided by Basic Health Units (BHUs) and Rural Health
centres(RHCs)
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6. Secondary health care
• More complex problems are dealt with.
• Comprises curative services
• Provided at Tehsil(THQ) & district(DHQ) hospitals
• Preventive, promotive and curative and referral services are
provided
• The 1st referral level
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8. Tertiary health care
Provided by teaching/Tertiary care hospitals
Preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative and referral
services are provided
Offers super-specialist care
Provide training programs
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11. Prevention:
• Prevention is the action aimed at eradicating, eliminating or
minimizing the impact of disease and disability, or if none of
these are feasible, retarding the progress of the disease and
disability.
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15. Primordial Prevention
• “This is a prevention of Development of risk Factors in a
Population group , which they have not yet appeared.”
• Special Attention is Given in preventing Chronic
Disease.
• In this efforts are dedicated towards Discouraging people
from adopting Harmful Life styles/Habits through Individual
& Mass Education.
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16. Primordial Prevention
• INTERVENTIONS:
The main intervention in primordial prevention is through
individual and mass health education.
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17. Examples of Primordial prevention
National programs and policies on:
• Food and nutrition
• Comprehensive Policies for discourage smoking ,
Alcohol & Drugs
• To promote regular physical activity
• Making major changes in lifestyle
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18. Primary Prevention
• Primary prevention can be defined as the action taken prior to the
onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will
ever occur.
• It signifies intervention in the pre-pathogenesis phase of a disease
or health problem.
• Primary prevention may be accomplished by measures of
“Health promotion” and “specific protection”
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19. Primary
Prevention
Achieved by Achieved by
Specific
protectionHealth
promotion
Nutritional
interventions
Life style and behavioral
changes
Environmental
modifications
Health education
Immunization and seroprophylaxis
chemoprophylaxis
Use of specific nutrients or
supplementations
Safety of drugs and foods
Control of environmental hazards,
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20. Secondary prevention:
• It is defined as “ action which halts the progress of a disease
at its incipient stage and prevents complications.”
• The specific interventions are: early diagnosis (e.g.
screening tests, urine Examination for Diabetes ,radiographic
examinations, case finding programme, etc) and adequate
treatment.
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21. Early diagnosis and treatment
• WHO Expert Committee in 1973 defined early detection of health
disorders as “ the detection of disturbances of homoeostatic and
compensatory mechanism while biochemical, morphological and
functional changes are still reversible.”
• The earlier the disease is diagnosed, and treated the better it is for
prognosis of the case and in the prevention of the occurrence of other
secondary cases.
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22. Tertiary prevention:
• It is used when the disease process has advanced beyond its early
stages.
• It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit
impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients’ adjustment to
irremediable conditions.”
• Intervention that should be accomplished in the stage of tertiary
prevention are disability limitation, and rehabilitation.
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24. Impairment:
• Impairment is “any loss or abnormality of psychological,
physiological or anatomical structure or function.”
Disability:
• Disability is “any restriction or lack of ability to perform an
activity in the manner or within the range considered normal
for the human being.”
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25. Handicap:
• Handicap is termed as “a disadvantage for a given individual,
resulting from an impairment or disability, that limits or
prevents the fulfillment of a role in the community that is
normal (depending on age, gender, and social and cultural
factors) for that individual.”
Rehabilitation:
• Rehabilitation is “ the combined and coordinated use of
medical, social, educational, and vocational measures for
training and retraining the individual to the highest possible
level of functional ability.”
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