BASICS DIVERSITY

1. DIVERSITY IN
LIVING
ORGANISMS
PART-1
BY: MISS RITIMA
APS RAKHMUTHI

2. ABOUT BIODIVERSIY
THE TERM BIODIVERSITY WAS COINED BY
WALTER G. ROSEN IN 1986.
BIODIVERSITY REFFERS TO VARIOUS LIFE
FORMS ON THE EARTH.
CURRENTLY , THERE ARE 1.7 TO 1.8 MILLION
ORGANISMS , ALL OF WHICH DIFFERENT FROM
ONE ANOTHER.
INDIA IS ONE OF THE 12 MEGABIODIVERSITY
COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD. AND INDIA IS
DIVIDED INTO 10 BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS.

3. NAMING OF ORGNISMS -
TAXONOMY
THE TAXONOMY IS THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT
DEALS WITH IDENTIFFFICATION, NOMENCLATURE AND
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS.
IN BIOLOGY EVERY ORGAISM IS GIVEN TWO PROPER
NAMES : a. GENUS - GENRIC NAME
b. SPECIES - SPECIFIC NAME
THE GENUS NAME ALWAYS WRITTEN WITH ITS FIRST
LETTER CAPITALISE.
THE SPECIES NAME IS ALWAYS WRITTEN WITH ITS FIRST
LETTER IN SMALL CASE.
 e.g. Rana tigrina , Panthera pardus –BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE.

4. CLASSIFICATION
THE METHOD OF ARRANGING ORGANISMS
INTO GROUPS OR SETS ON THE BASES OF
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFRENCES IS CALLED AS
CLASSIFICATION.
THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION IS KNOWN AS
TAXONOMY.
IT ALSO TELLS US ABOUT THE EVOLUTIONARY
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG DIFFERENT
OGRANISMS.

5. IMPORTANCE OF CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION MAKE STUDY OF WIDE
VARIETY OF ORGANISMS EASY.
CLASSIFICATION PROJECTS BEFORE US A
PICTURE OF ALL LIFE FORMS AT GLANCE.
CLASSIFICTION IS ESSENTIAL TO UNDERSTAND
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONGG DIFFERENT
GROUPS OF ORGANISMS.
CLASSIFICATION FORMS THE BASES OF
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE.

6. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
TWO-KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION:
CAROLOUS LINNAEUS 1758 – DIVIDED ALL
LIVING ORGANISMS INTO TWO KINGDOMS:
a. PLANT KINGDOM
b. ANIMAL KINGDOM
BUT LATER TAXONOMIC STUDIES SHOWS THAT
CERTAIN ORGANISMS DO NOT FIT INTO EITHER
PLANT OR ANIMAL KINGDOM.
GERMAN ZOOLOGIST , E.H HAECKEL RAISED
THIRD KINGDOM - PROTISTA

7. ROBERT H. WHITTAKER -1959 PROPOSED
FOURTH KINGDON – MONERA FOR BACTERIA
WHICH ARE PROKARYOTES
AND FIFTH KINGDOM - FUNGI FOR THE FUNGI
WHICH LACK CHLOROPHPYLL.

8. FIVE- KIINGDOM SYSTEM OF
CLASSIFICATION
WHITTKER -1959 HE CLASSIFIED THE LIVING
ORGANISMS INTO 5 KINGDOMS.
KINGDOM MONERA
KINGDOM PROTISTA
KINGDOM FUNGI
KINGDOM PLANTAE
KINGDOM ANIMALIA

9. KINGDOM MONERA
THE ORGANISMS ARE MOSTLY UNICELLULAR.
THEY DO NOT HAVE DEFINED NUCLEUS.
THE CYTOPLASM OF ORGANISM IS DEVOID OF
MEMBRNE BOUND ORGANELLES.
THE MODE OF NUTRITION IS EITHER
AUTOTRPHIC OR HETEROTROPHIC.
SINGLE STRANDED FLAGELLA IS PRESENT IN
MANY MONERANS.
THE KINGDOM MONERA INCLUDES TRUE
BACTERIA , CYNOBACTERIA , MYCOPLASMA AND
ARCHAEBACTERIA.

10. KINGDOM PROTISTA
PROTISTS ARE MOSTLY AQUATIC AND LIVE
WHEREEVER THERE IS A WATER.
THE CYTOPLASM CONTAINS MEMBRNE BOUND
ORGANELLES.
THE MODE OF NUTRITION CAN BE
AUTOTROPHIC OR HETEROTROPHIC.
THE MOTILE PROTISTS MOVE FROM ONE PLACE
TO ANOTHER WITH THE HELP OF PSEUDOPODIA ,
FLAGELLA OR CILIA.

11. MAJOR GROUPS OF PROTISTS
A. THE PROTISTAN ALGAE - DINOFLAGELLATES ,
DIATOMS AND EUGLENA
B. SLIME MOULDS – THEY SHARE CHRACTERS OF
BOTH ANIMALS AND FUNGI. THEY ARE
HOLOZOIC. E.g. PHYSARUM
C. PROTOZOA - TRYPANSOMA ,GIARDIA ,
AMOEBA , PARAMECIUM ETC.
THEY VARY IN SHAPE.
THEY MAY BE UNINUCLEATE , BINUCLEATE
OR MULTINUCLEATE.

12. KINGDOM FUNGI
THE FUNGI IS THALLOID, UNICELLULAR OR
MUTICELLULAR,FILAMENTOUS OR MYCELIAL.
SINGLE FILAMENT - HYPHA
CLUSTER OF FILAMENT - MYCELIUM
FUNGI POSSES DEFINITE CELL WALL CONTAINING
CELLULOSE AND CHITIN.
FUNGI LACK CHLOROPHYLL.
IT REPRODUSES ASEXUALLY BY THE FORMATION
OF SPORES.
EG. MUSHROOM , RHIZOPUS , PENICILLIUM ETC.

13. KINGDOM PLANTAE
THEY ARE MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTES HAVING
CHLOROPHYLL .
CELLS HAVE LONG CENTRAL VACUOLE AND RIGID
CELL WALL COMPOSED OF CELLULOSE.
MODE OF NURITION IS AUTOTROPHIC.
THEY ARE NON MOBILE .
GROWTH IS INDEFINITE AND NEW ORGANS ARE
CONTINIOUSLY ADDED THROUGHOUT THE LIFE.
PLANTS ARE THE PRODUCERS OF THE BIOSPHERE.

14. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
THESE ORGANISMS ARE MULTICELLULAR ,
EUKARYOTIC AND WITHOUT CHLOROPHYLL.
THE CELLS POSSES NO CELL WALL AND
PLASTIDS .
CENTRAL VACOULES ARE ABSENT BUT SMALL
VACOULES MAY OCCUR.
THEY ARE MOSTLY MOTILE.
GROWTH STOPS WHEN ADULT STAGE IS
REACHED.
REPRODUCTION IS GENRALLY SEXUAL.