A ppt about the seven wonders of the world that i did as my school project.I hope it would be useful.

3. Seven Wonders of the World

5. At about the same time
the pilgrims were
landing at Plymouth
Rock, the Taj Mahal was
built. That was almost
400 years ago.
It took over ten years to
build. More than twenty
thousand people and
one thousand elephants
helped build it.
The Taj Mahal is in Agra
near the capital of India.

6. Shah Jahan was the emperor of India from 1628 to 1658. He deeply loved
his wife Mumtaz Mahal. She died in 1631 when she was giving birth to
their fourteenth child.
The emperor was so heartbroken that he decided to build a massive tomb
in honor of their love. The two of them were buried together inside the
Taj Mahal.
Since Shah Jahan loved his wife so much, he used only the finest marble.
He also made sure that beautiful gems decorated her tomb.
The Taj Mahal is one of the wonders of the world.
It is also a great tribute to love.

9. CONSTRUCTION

11. THREATS
General ideas of threats by people:
 Environmental pollution.
 Which is causing acid rain.
Main threat is:
 Decrease in level of Yamuna at 5feet/year
The results of threat:
 In 2010, cracks appeared in parts of the tomb.
 The minarets which surround the monument were
showing signs of tilting.
 Some engineers predict that the tomb may collapse
within 5 years.

12. REASON?

14. HOW AND WHY?
 These hydrogels expand by absorbing water and
can retain water.
 When these are kept along the wood they can
increase the ground level of water also.
 So these can protect the wood from rotting.
 This may be the best solution.
Show the TAJ
MAHAL to next
generations as
the TAJ MAHAL
not in pictures

16. Hagia Sophia

22. • The Great Pyramid of
Khufu (Cheops in Greek)
is the only surviving
wonder of the Ancient
times. It was built in the
26th century BC. There
are actually three
pyramids located there,
along with the Great
Sphinx of Giza and the
biggest is The Great
Pyramid of Khufu. This
architectural marvel is
found in the city of Giza,
a necropolis of ancient
Memphis, and today part
of Greater Cairo, Egypt.

23. King Khufu was the second
pharaoh of the fourth dynasty
of rulers in Egypt. It took about
20 years to build the pyramid
of Khufu. He was buried alone
in this massive tomb. The
Pyramids of Ancient Egypt
were built as tombs for Kings
and it was the exclusive
privilege to have a Pyramid
tomb. His wives may have been
buried nearby in smaller
mastabas.

24. • The exact number of
stones was originally
estimated at 2,300,000
stone blocks weighing
from 2-30 tons each,
with some weighing up
to 70 tons.
• The pyramid base
covers an area of 13
square acres.
• The estimated total
weight of the structure
is 6.5 million tons.

25. With 146.7 m high, the Great Pyramid stood as the tallest
structure in the world until the French built the Eiffel Tower
in 1889 . Today it stands at 137 m high, having lost 9.7 m
from the top.
Here's how the Great Pyramid compares to some modern structures.

26. Thales
• Thales was one of the Seven Wise men of Greece. His fame as
a mathematician rests upon his suppose discovery of seven
geometrical propositions.
• Thales travelled extensively to the older centers of
civilization when he was a young man.
• Naturally, Thales' visit to Egypt was not complete without a
sightseeing trip to the desert plateau of Giza, to see the three
pyramids and the Sphinx half-buried in the sand nearby. In
6oo BC the pyramids were about 2000 years old. Thales hired
guides and took a Greek friend along….

27. • Thales figured out a way to measure the height of the pyramid.
He measured the length of the pyramid's base and the height of
his pole. Then at the same time of the day he measured the
length pyramid's shadow and the length of the pole's shadow.
This yields him the following data to work with:
• height of the pole (A): 2m
• shadow of the pole (B): 1.63m
• length of the pyramid base: 230m
• shadow of the pyramid: 65m
HOW HIGH IS THE PYRAMID?

28. • From this he
calculated:
• Knowing A,B and C
he was now able to
apply the intercept
theorem to
calculate:

29. Triangles - Thales Theorem or Basic
Proportionality Theorem
The line drawn parallel to a side of a triangle
intersecting other two sides at distinct points
divides them in same ratio.

31. The Great Wall of China is the
world’s largest military structure.
It was built as a defense to stop
invaders from northern areas.
Those “invaders” were mostly
from China’s neighbor to the
north, Mongolia.
The Great Wall is actually a
series of walls built and rebuilt
by different dynasties over
1,000 years.
The Great Wall has a total length of over 1500 miles.
A second wall, further south from the Great Wall measures about 342
miles long. What purpose do you think that wall served?
What is the Great Wall?

32. During the Zhou Dynasty, southern tribes frequently attacked northern
border states within China. The northern states eventually built their
own walls for defense purposes. These walls were different than the
Great Wall that you see today.
Qin (pronounced “Chin”) was the first emperor of
China and is considered the first person who
actually thought about and considered a “Great
Wall.” His “Great Wall” was different than the
wall you see today.
He was a relentless tyrant who’s dynasty eventually
fell to peasant uprising.
Who Built The Great Wall?
First Emperor Qin Shi
Huang

33. It is estimated that over 3 million people
(70% of China’s population at the time)
were involved in the construction of the
wall.
Who Built The Great Wall?
A section of the Qin Wall built using the
tamped-earth process.
According to historical records, the Qin Great Wall was built in 10
years or about 25 miles a month.
In modern dollars, the estimated cost to build the Qin Great Wall
would be $260 billion.

34. Who Built The Great Wall?
The major contribution of the
Han Dynasty to the Great Wall
was the watchtowers. This
was the place where guards
could be on the look-out for
invaders.
A section of the Han Wall built using water,
gravel, and willow reeds.

35. Who Built The Great Wall?
Facts…
Different dynasties contributed to the Wall’s design. The dynasties
mentioned are not the only ones that contributed to the design.
Today, the Wall is split into four sections for the benefit of travelers.
The Great Wall is the longest man-made structure in the world.
The Chinese invented the wheel-barrow and used it to help build the wall.

37. The Eiffel Tower was originally built as the
entrance arch for the World's Fair in 1889.
It is named after Gustave Eiffel, whose
company was in charge of the project.
The Eiffel Tower is 320 metres (1050 feet) in
height and was the tallest man made structure
in the world for 41 years before being
surpassed by the Chrysler Building in New York.
The Eiffel Tower is made of iron and weighs
around 10000 tonnes with which 1000
locomotives can be made.
Around 50 tonnes of paint are added to the
Eiffel Tower every 7 years to protect it from
rust.

38. Gustave Eiffel
December 15, 1832 –
December 27, 1923
French Architect &
Engineer
Had 3 Daughters & 2
Sons with his wife Marie
Gaudelet
Eiffel as a reference to
the Eifel mountains

39. Important datesof the 19th centuryeiffeltower
1887 - Construction Started
31 March 1889 - Construction
Finished as
“World’s Tallest” & Open to
Public
10 September 1889 - Thomas
Edison
Visited the Eiffel Tower
1925- “Sold” for Scrap Metal
TWICE
1930- Lost “World’s Tallest
Structure” Title
Due to Chrysler Building in
NYC
1940-1944 – Eiffel’s Dance with
Hitler
Adventurous people have always

41. The Design
• Largest amphitheater in the Roman World
• Perimeter = 545 m. across
• Built out of travertine with iron clamps to hold the
blocks
Who Built It
• Begun in AD 70,
finished by AD 80
• Also known as the
Flavian Amphitheater
• Begun by emperor
Vespasian, finished by
his son, Titus

42. Daily Shows
• Morning – Wild Animal Hunts also known
as Venationes
• Midday – Public Executions
• Afternoon –Gladiatorial Contests
Who watched the shows
• Women were not encouraged to attend, but
Romans would sometimes take their children to
the fights so they could learn good moral behavior
(how to die like a Roman)
• Upper class did not usually attend public
executions

44. History (cont’d):
the construction
 Construction began in 1173 and
continued off and on until 1372.
 Political crises caused breaks.
 Used multiple architects.
 First began tilt in 1178 with 3rd floor.

45. So… What happened
 Engineering was often
trial and error due to lack
of technology.
 The foundation was
poorly constructed and
was only about 3 meters
thick.
 Built on an ancient
riverbed just 6ft above
sea level, made up of
weak sand and clay.

46.  The first lean of the
tower was South.
 After trying to even
the floors, it leaned
North.
 This is an over
exaggerated picture
of the plan to make it
straight
 The soil compacted
and settled due to the
length of construction
 Without the break the
tower would have
fallen.
 It was built of
limestone, which can
handle more stress
than most stone.

47. Attempts to Straighten the
Tower
 Mussolini drilled and
filed holes in the base
with concrete, this
made it tilt worse.
(1934)
 Became unstable
forcing the Italy
government hired
several engineers to
stabilize it. (1964)
 Was forced to close in
1990 due to increasing
tilt.
 Later, it was stabilized
by removing 40 cubic
meters of soild from
the raised end.
 Reopened to the public
in 2001.

48. Why is it still leaning?
 Engineers decided
not to straighten the
tower for tourists.
 Instead, they gave it
the relatively stable
tilt of 13 degrees.
 It is believed to stand
for at least another
300 years.