Notes on ‘exploring impact of climate on tourism demand’ by c. goh

1. Notes on ‘Exploring impact of climate on tourism demand’ by
C. Goh, Annals of tourism research, 30 (4), 1850-1883, 2012
INTRODUCTION
Identify the major objectives? Usefulness of the study (page
1860)?
· To discuss tourism demand analysis based on two frameworks:
the economic framework and the socio-psychological
framework. Specifically, the limitations of the economic
framework in explaining tourism demand are revealed.
· To propose a combined framework that takes into account both
the economic and socio-psychological frameworks and is
capable of explaining tourism demand.
· To build a tourism demand model based on concepts proposed
in a combined framework by including one of the major socio-
psychological variables—climate into the analysis.
· Note that the study does not intend to investigate all possible
socio-psychological factors. Instead, it aims to illustrate the
concept of the combined framework by incorporating the
climate factor into the traditional tourism demand analysis
using an error correction model.
How this study is different from existing literature?
· In almost all of the tourism demand literature, tourism demand
has been analyzed on the basis of conventional economic
theory, i.e., utility theory and consumption behavioral theory.
· Both theories suggest that economic factors such as income,
price, substitute price, advertising, and supply constraints are
the primary factors affecting demand.
· In contrast, non-economic factors such as psychological,
anthropological, and sociological factors have not been
analyzed in studies of travel demand.
· Although many investigations in the tourism literature show

2. how these non-economic factors affect travel motivation and
how travel motivation in turn affects destination choices, the
existing literature has largely failed to show how these non-
economic factors affect the demand for travel.
· The study conducts both tourism demand analysis and
forecasting on the basis of economic and non-economic
variables.
TOURISM DEMAND FRAMEWORK
· Illustrate conventional tourism demand models in literature,
identify limitations
· Both economic and non-economic factors are important.
Literature considering non-economic factors is scarce (due to
data problem)
· Difficult to identify properties and characteristics of goods
and services
· Developed a tourism demand model with socio-psychological
factors (discuss figure 1-3)
CLIMATE AND TOURISM
· Climate-a major determinant behind tourism demand
· Destination image, variability of climate
Read this section in detail
RESEARCH METHOD
· Error correction model-Discuss in detail . Try to interpret the
findings in policy context
· Read through the model- Eq 1 both dependent and explanatory
variables (on page 1872).
· Climate is employed as a separate variable explaining travel
demand using a tourism climate index (TCI) (equation 2).
· Brifly summarize the travel demand model in equation 3 (page
1874).
DATA ANALYSIS AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS

3. · Follow the major findings from Table 1 and 2. No need to
memories the numbers. Try to identify signs and significance.
· Some results highlights
· The income variable is significant for the US model, confirm
the generally accepted view that an overseas holiday is a luxury
item. Elasticity of larger than one suggesting
that travel to Hong Kong is of a luxurious good for US
residents.
· The trade variable is significant for US, JP and CN indicating
strong commercial ties between these countries and Hong Kong.
· Two event dummies, SARS and Asian Financial Crisis (FC)
yield expected and significant results.
· However, the 911 terrorist attacks, which is expected to
adversely influence travel motivation of the US residence does
not significantly affect US arrivals to Hong Kong.
· The Asian Financial Crisis reduced arrivals.
· As expected, the climatic index is found to have positive sign
for all the four series and are highly significant either at 1
percent level (for US) or 5 percent level (for UK, JP and CN).
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR CONCLUSIONS?
· This study is aimed at moving beyond the orthodox tourism
demand framework to include more important factors—both
economic and non-economic—in the analysis.
· The socio-psychological variable of climate is found to be a
significant determinant of tourism demand for all four tourism
markets investigated in this study.
· The significance of climate as a socio-psychological variable n
turn suggests the possibility that other qualitative factors also
affect tourism demand; tourism demand planning should go
beyond examination and analysis of the traditional economic
factors.
· It is suggested that future studies extend the tourism demand
framework by including other important factors that could
enhance the understanding of demand relationships and improve

4. the predictability of tourism demand.
1
MAA250 ASSIGNMENT 2
Ethics and Financial Services Trimester 2, 2016
ETHICS LENS PERSONAL REFLECTIVE STATEMENT
Generic instructions for Assessment 2
Due: Part 1– Friday, 22nd July, 2016 (11.59 pm) – Week 2.
Part 2 - Thursday 22nd September, 2016 (11.59 pm) - Week 10
(submission will not be accepted without prior submission of
Part 1)
Word limit: Part 2 – 1,800 words (not including reference list).
Weight: 20% of the overall assessment (20 marks)
Rubric: Marking Rubric is available on CloudDeakin (it is
important that students
are familiar with the marking rubric). Students are assessed on
GLOs 4
and 8.
GLO 4 - Critical Thinking - Analysis, meaning making and
writing spectrum;

5. GLO 8 - Global citizenship - Cultural and Ethical Self-
Awareness.
Requirements:
Part 1: Complete ‘EthicsGame’ Ethical Lens Inventory (ELI)
simulation and submit the
report; (Refer to Cloudsite for resources and instructions on
ELI).
ELI is a typology to help you understand what core values
influence the choices you
make when no rules tell you what to do. The ELI provides an
awareness about your
specific ethical priorities, strengths and blind spots.
Part 2: Provide a *reflection piece drawing on your personal
ethics lens (part 1) and
a choice of any 2 specific topics from the unit to address the
following:
• Given your personal ethics lens, how do you perceive that
these topics will
assist you, a Global Citizen in your future role as a professional
accountant
or leader in business?
*Note: Refer to Cloudsite for resource and guidance on how to
write a reflection.

6. Personal opinion is required in a reflective piece. Students are
to analyse and provide an
individual written reflective piece by drawing from your
selected topics. For example,
you may include in your analysis a reflection on moral
sensitivity, awareness, cultural
values or intercultural issues, judgement, decision making,
implications of actions on
stakeholders etc. or any area from the unit which you consider
relevant in your personal
Page 1 of 2
MAA250 ASSIGNMENT 2
Ethics and Financial Services Trimester 2, 2016
ethical journey to date. In your reflection, your focus should be
on the development of
your awareness of the Global Citizenship concepts.
Deakin defines GLO 8 - Global Citizenship as engaging
ethically and productively in the
professional context and with diverse communities and cultures
in a global
context. Here is a list of questions that you can use to help you
reflect about Global
Citizenship:
• What do I currently do that shows I am a Global Citizen?
• What do I need to consider when making a decision, in regard
to Global

7. Citizenship?
• What have I learnt about a culture other than my own?
• How would I make a decision about something if I lived in
another country?
• What would be the decision if I lived in another country, and
why would it be
different to the decision I make if I were in Australia?
Suggestion: Create a journal for your selected topics. You
should include entries in your
journal on a regular basis throughout the trimester to help you
develop your
understanding of GLO 8 – Global Citizenship. Given your
personal ethics lens conducted
via EthicsGame simulation, document how your knowledge and
skills progressed in this
area during the trimester. When making entries in your journal,
include ways in which
you can prove that you are more aware of Global Citizenship
and the impact that it has
on your daily behaviour and thoughts. You could also start
developing a table where you
document different cultures and their values.
Submission Details:
• Part 1 - personal ethical lens and Part 2 – personal reflective
statement must be
submitted into the ‘assignment dropbox’ by the due dates (note
the different due
dates).
• Harvard style of referencing to be employed.

8. • Written in font size 12 for body writing; headings and block
quotes may have different
sizes
• Include page numbers
• Include student names and ID numbers in the footer (with
surnames underlined)
• Line spacing of 1.5 or double spacing
• Late submission will not be marked. All marking and student
feedback will be
provided via the dropbox facility in CloudDeakin.
Page 2 of 2
USubmission Details:
Worth: 25 percent of total assessment Length: 2000 words
(excludes Tables, Graphs and References)
Topic: You are employed by the Department of Sustainable
Development and Tourism as a Research Staff Member.
Minister David Smith has been asked several questions lately
about the major causes of environmental effects on tourism and
related tourism policies of your chosen developed country/or
region. There is an outgrowing demand for tourism both in
developed and developing countries. The Minister is new to the
portfolio and has very limited knowledge on this subject. He has
requested to his Department to prepare a brief report on this
topic. The Minister's memorandum of request has been assigned
to you. As a research staff you are free to select any country (or
region). Please make sure the report should be based on your
individual research. This is your first briefing official report,
and your Divisional Director instructs you to make sure that you
cover all points made by the Minister in his memo of request.

9. After receiving report from each member from his Department,
the Divisional Director will summarise it for the overall
performance of tourism policies of your chosen country in
achieving growth and sustainable development. Please
remember: i) You work here in a multi-disciplinary environment
with staff with no background from Economics discipline. You
need to explain each economic tool in a simple manner to
prepare this report. ii) The Minister is fanatical about two
things: Proper layout of presentation and following deadlines.
Be sure to follow the advice given below for the presentation of
your written work.
Presentation of Written Work: a) Make sure you have name,
degree code and student ID number in the front cover sheet. The
report should be stapled in one corner. Please do not use any
plastic folder. b) The report must be typed. Pages should be
properly formatted. c) Any graphs / diagrams must be
adequately labeled, and accompanied by a sufficient
commentary to indicate their meaning and purpose. d)
Publication details of all works cited should appear at the end
of the report, under the heading ‘References’. An acceptable
format such as, Baumol, William (1986), ‘Productivity Growth,
Convergence and Welfare’, American Economic Review, 76, pp
1072-85. e) Be sure to keep a hard copy (and a backup disk). f)
Co-operation in identifying key concepts to prepare any report
is a useful learning practice and is encouraged in this unit.
However, students must prepare their written work individually.
You should quote all references and any kind of plagiarism will
be severely penalized. Include the faculty assignment cover
sheet. If a student is found to have committed plagiarism or
another form of cheating the penalty may include disallowance
of the work (zero marks). Alternatively, a student may be
referred to the Faculty Discipline Committee. If you do not
understand plagiarism it is your responsibility to seek advice
from your lecturer to ensure that you fully understand this
important issue. Please note: when you sign the assignment
cover sheet you are attesting that you have not plagiarized or

10. cheated.
MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT Memorandum To: Divisional Director From:
Minister David Smith
E: -Tourism and Sustainable Development Request of Briefing
Report Date: July 25, 2016
It’s happened again. Someone from the media cornered me at
the Tourism Conference last week and asked me to make a
comment regarding the above issue. I need to report a detailed
analysis on tourism sector and related of sustainable growth in
our economy/region. This is the third time within a couple of
months I’ve been approached to comment and it is an issue I’ve
yet to come up to speed on. I have the feeling that this is a
serious issue and we need to be seen to consider it seriously for
sustainable growth in future. Since I know very little about this
issue I need to be filled in on all of the following. 1. Primary
sources of tourism income of your chosen country/region and
changes since last couple of decades 2. Environmental impact
on tourism (if any) 3. Major changes in policies in this sector
(if any) 4. Overall growth of the economy and the role of
tourism sector since last two to three decades 5. Identify
barriers and incentives for promoting this sector considering the
supply-chain in this sector 6. Does tourism sector promote
sustainable development for your chosen country/region? 7.
Overall assessment
ECF3900 Tutorial Notes prepared by Dr Thandi Ndhlela
A GENERAL EXAMPLE OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE
REPORT USING THE STRUCTURE CONDUCT:
The Topic
The major causes of environmental effects of tourism and
related tourism policies of your chosen developed country/or
region. There is an outgrowing demand for tourism both in
developed and developing countries.

11. http://www.policonomics.com/structure-conduct-performance-
paradigm/
· The outline below illustrates the general structure of the
analytical framework based on the SCP paradigm.
· In your application of the framework, you should make sure
that you tailor the analysis so that it fully and clearly addresses
the requirements of the topic as stated above.
· In addition, you will have to make sure that the terms of
reference provided in the unit outline are addressed in the
relevant sections of the framework where they belong.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background/ History of the firm or Industry.
1.2 Objectives of the Paper/(or Purpose)
1.3 Methodology (briefly discuss/define any specific analytical
or statistical tools used)
1.4 Scope and Limitations
2. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS
2.1 The SCP Hypothesis
2.2 Structure
2.1.1 Number & Size of competitors (can best use industry
concentration ratios)
2.1.2 Entry & Exit Conditions
2.1.3 Product Differentiation
2.1.4. Vertical Integration
2.1.5 Diversification
2.2 Conduct
2.2.1 Business Objectives
2.2.2 Pricing policies
2.2.3 Advertising and Marketing
2.2.4 Research and Development

12. 2.2.5 Mergers and Collusion
2.3 Performance
2.3.1 Profitability
2.3.2 Growth
2.3.3 Quality of Products and Services
2.3.4 Technical Progress
2.3 .5 Any other Performance Indicators
3. POLICY AND REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Government Policies (or Macroeconomic Policies)
3.1.1 Environmental Policies
3.1.2 Industrial Policies (relevant to tourism if any)
3.1.3 Tariffs
3.1.4 Competition Regulation
3.1.5 Pricing Policies
3.1.6 Taxes and Subsidies
3.2 Local Government (or Council Policies)
3.2.1 Licensing regulations (telecoms, liquor laws, e.t.c)
3.2.2 Local by-laws (council laws and policies)
3.3.3 Operation hours
3.3 Industry/ Firm-based Policies (if applicable, from Industry
watchdog
Note 1: In this subsection you should make sure you carefully
identify and emphasize the policies that are meant to promote
performance and efficiency of the industry. These may come
from regulatory authorities or from the industry/ firm itself
4. RECOMMENDATIONS
What should the firm/industry do to improve issues related to
its structure, performance and conduct? These should be based
on the findings from the industry analysis

13. 5. CONCLUSIONS (Highlight and summarize major findings
of the report)
References Appendix
Note 2:
• Your industry analysis should be supported by data/graphs
(all sources to be cited)
• You may apply empirical data analysis methods such as
regression analysis/econometrics
• Data should cover at least 20-30year period)
• This is a professional presentation. Therefore the report
should be well written and properly edited. Poorly written
reports may fail (see university assessment guidelines).
• . What is the unit outline is the minimum requirement or
expectations as mentioned in the lecture. READ PAGES 48-57
of the Q-Manual
Note 3. These notes are a general guide from tutorials only and
students are fully responsible for how they will attempt the
question and are therefore free to choose any different
analytical methods or approaches to the task.
1
ECF3900 Tutorial Notes prepared by Dr Thandi Ndhlela
The Topic
The major causes of environmental effects on tourism and
related tourism policies of your chosen developed country/or
region. There is an outgrowing demand for tourism both in
developed and developing countries. Note: An analytical

14. Structure based on PEST or SWOT analysis.
1. Introduction
1.1 Background (to cover historical profile of country and
transition with respect to the tourism industry)
1.2 Objectives of the Study
1.3 Scope and Methodology (delimitations of the study and brief
discussion of analytical framework and any analytical tool uses.
Note that statistics use is a requirement)
2. Political Factors /(Strengths) (yellow highlighted headings if
using SWOT)
2.1
2.2
.
2.n
3. Economic Factors /(Weaknesses)
3.1
3.2…..
3.n
4 Social Analysis /(Opportunities)
4.1
4.2….
4.n
5. Technological Factors /(Threats)
5.1
5.2…
5.n
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
7. References

15. 8. Appendices (or as required).
Note For section 2-5 I have suggested very generic headings.
You can alter those and tailor them to what you prefer and then
fit issues 1-6 in the unit guide under the relevant sections. You
will then realize that there is great potential for improving the
scope of your analysis and incorporating more subheadings once
you start working under each heading. What is the unit outline
is the minimum requirement or expectations as mentioned in the
lecture. READ PAGES 48-57 of the Q-Manual.
Note 2. These notes are a general guide from tutorials only and
students are fully responsible for how they will attempt the
question and are therefore free to choose any different
analytical methods or approaches to the task.
Vital Links
SWOT ANALYSIS
https://www.business.qld.gov.au/business/starting/market-
customer-research/swot-analysis
PEST ANALYSIS
http://crackmba.com/pest-analysis/
Note: click on image to enlarge diagram
1
Australia
Some relevant sites for data:

16. http://www.tourism.australia.com/statistics.aspx
http://www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/passports-
and-travel/tourism
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/2f762f958
45417aeca25706c00834efa/ffcff654
1f4d11f5ca2570ec00753521!OpenDocument
http://www.atec.net.au/
http://www.regionaltourism.com.au/
Some useful reports:
http://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/international-
tourism/international-tourism.pdf
(follow the reference list from this report)
http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/dec/pdf/bu-
1211-3.pdf
(follow the reference list from this report)
Related readings:
Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (2015). Tourism and sustainability:
Development, globalisation and
new tourism in the third world. Routledge.
Holden, A. (2016). Environment and tourism. Routledge.
Smith, Stephen LJ. Tourism analysis: A handbook. Routledge,

17. 2014.
Related academic journal articles:
Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R., & Hoque, S. (2013).
Economic impacts of a carbon tax on the
Australian tourism industry. Journal of travel research,52(2),
143-155.
Silveira, L., & Santos, N. (2014). Marina Impacts on the Local
Population and on Tourism
Development in Horta (Azores Islands), Portugal. Tourism in
Marine Environments, 9(3-4), 193-
202.
Karamustafa, K. (2013). Tourism Economic Development:
European
Experiences. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management.
http://www.tourism.australia.com/statistics.aspx
http://www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/passports-
and-travel/tourism
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/2f762f958
45417aeca25706c00834efa/ffcff6541f4d11f5ca2570ec00753521!
OpenDocument
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/2f762f958
45417aeca25706c00834efa/ffcff6541f4d11f5ca2570ec00753521!
OpenDocument
http://www.atec.net.au/
http://www.regionaltourism.com.au/

18. http://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/international-
tourism/international-tourism.pdf
http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/dec/pdf/bu-
1211-3.pdf
2
Harrison, D. H., & Prasad, B. C. (2013). The contribution of
tourism to the development of Fiji
and other Pacific Island countries.
This is not a complete list. You may use this as your starting
point and dig out more references
from the reference lists of these sources.