6. 1.2. Imagery
The words used that appeal to the sense of
sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch.
7. • Taste: The familiar tang of his
grandmother’s cranberry sauce reminded
him of his youth.
• Sound: The concert was so loud that her
ears rang for days afterward.
• Sight: The sunset was the most gorgeous
they’d ever seen; the clouds were edged
with pink and gold.
8. • Smell: After eating the curry, his breath
reeked of garlic.
• Touch: The tree bark was rough against
her skin.
9. 1.3. Figures of Speech
The creative use of words or expressions
that a poet uses to enhance the sense of
impression.
10. 2. SOUND
This is the result of the creative combination
of words , repetition, and anaphora.
11. Repetition
'The Bells’ by Edgar Allan Poe
'To the swinging and the ringing
of the bells, bells, bells-
Of the bells, bells, bells, bells
Bells, bells, bells-
12. Big bad Bob bounced bravely.
Alliteration
Tilting at windmills.
Assonance
And all the air a solemn stillness holds.
Consonance
"I came, I saw, I conquered".
Parallel Structure
13. 2.1. Rhythm
The ordered alternation of strong and weak
elements in the flow of sound and silence.
14. Types of Rhythm
1. Iamb (Iambic) - weak syllable followed
by strong syllable.
18. 5. Spondee (Spondaic): two strong
syllables. A spondee usually appears at the
end of a line.
19. 2.2. Meter
The duration, stress, or number of syllabus
per line.
one foot=monometer
two feet=dimeter
three feet=trimeter
four feet=tetrameter
five feet=pentameter
six feet=hexameter (when hexameter is in
iambic rhythm, it is called an alexandrine)
20. That time | of year | thou mayst | in me |
behold.
Iambic Pentameter
21. Why so pale and wan, fond Lover?
Prithee why so pale?
Will, when looking well can’t move her,
Looking ill prevail?
Prithee why so pale?
Trochaic Meter
22. 2.3. Rhyme Scheme
The formal arrangement of rhymes in a
stanza or in the whole poem.
23. • Alternate rhyme: It is also known as
ABAB rhyme scheme, it rhymes as “ABAB
CDCD EFEF GHGH.”
• Ballade: It contains three stanzas with
rhyme scheme of “ABABBCBC” followed
by “BCBC.”
• Monorhyme: It is a poem in which every
line uses the same rhyme scheme.
24. • Couplet: It contains two line stanzas with
“AA” rhyme scheme that often appears as
“AA BB CC and DD…”
• Triplet: It often repeats like a couplet,
uses rhyme scheme of “AAA.”
• Enclosed rhyme: It uses rhyme scheme
of “ABBA”
25. • Terza rima rhyme scheme: It uses
tercets, three lines stanzas. Its interlocking
pattern on end words follow: Aba bcb cdc
ded and so on…
• Keats Odes rhyme scheme: In his
famous odes, Keats has used a specific
rhyme scheme, which is “ABABCDECDE.”
26. • Limerick: A poem uses five lines with
rhyme scheme of “AABBA.”
27. Example:
I saw a fairy in the wood,
He was dressed all in green.
He drew his sword while I just stood,
And realized I'd been seen.
28. 3. STRUCTURE
This refers to the arrangement of words and
lines to fit together and the organization of
the parts to form the whole.
29. 3.1. Word Order
- It is the arrangement of words in a phrase,
clause or sentence.
30. 3.2. Ellipsis
A literary device that is used in
narratives to omit some parts of a sentence
or event, which gives the reader a chance to
fill the gaps while acting or reading it out.
It is usually written between the sentences
as “…”.
31. Example
• Full quotation: "Today, after hours of
careful thought, we vetoed the bill."
• With ellipsis: "Today … we vetoed the
bill."
32. Rules
• Rule 1. Many writers use an ellipsis whether the
omission occurs at the beginning of a sentence,
in the middle of a sentence, or between
sentences.
• A common way to delete the beginning of a
sentence is to follow the opening quotation mark
with an ellipsis, plus a bracketed capital letter:
• Example: "… [A]fter hours of careful thought,
we vetoed the bill."
33. Rule 2. Ellipses can express hesitation,
changes of mood, suspense, or thoughts
trailing off. Writers also use ellipses to
indicate a pause or wavering in an otherwise
straightforward sentence.
34. Examples:
I don't know … I'm not sure.
Pride is one thing, but what happens if she
…?
He said, "I … really don't … understand
this."
36. Type Meaning Example
End stop
A punctuation mark at the end of a
line.
“You may shoot me with your words,
You may cut me with your eyes,”
(Maya Angelou)
Enjambment
(run-on lines)
No punctuation mark at the end of a
line. The reader continues reading
without making a pause, because the
same idea continues in the next line.
“’Cause I laugh like I ‘ve got gold
mines
Diggin’ in my own back yard.”
(Maya Angelou)
Caesura
A punctuation mark causing a pause
in the middle of the line.
“But still, like air, I’ll rise”
(Maya Angelou)
No punctuation
Modern poets can decide not to use
punctuation at all.
“The caged bird sings
with a fearful trill
of things unknown
but longed for still
and his tune is heard
on the distant hill
for the caged bird
sings of freedom.”
(Maya Angelou)
37. 3.4 Shape
Contextual or visual design, omission of
spaces, use of capitalization or lower case.
40. Example:
• Wedding rings and engagement rings:
Wedding and engagement rings are worn
to symbolize a lasting union that a couple
has entered into.
• The American flag: The thirteen red and
white stripes on the American flag
symbolize the original thirteen colonies,
while the fifty stars are a symbol for the
fifty states.
Alliteration: the repetition of initial sounds on the same line or stanza –
Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds (anywhere in the middle or end of a line or stanza) –
