14. World Vehicles per Capita
• According to the 2007-
2008 World Motor
Vehicle Market Report,
the world's motor
vehicle population
reached 789.8 million
units in 2005
Air Quality Management 14
16. Personal Exposure Meter to measure exposure
to PM and Gases during daily activities
Exposure: Whether and
how a human or other
organism comes into
contact with a
chemical, usually by
eating or drinking
it, inhaling it, or touching
it and having it penetrate
the skin
Air Quality Management 16
24. Photochemical Assessment Monitoring
Stations (PAMS)
Site #1 - Upwind and background
characterization site.
Site #2 - Maximum ozone precursor
emissions impact site.
Site #3 - Maximum ozone concentration
site. These sites are intended to monitor
maximum ozone concentrations
occurring downwind from the area of
maximum precursor emissions.
Site #4 - Extreme downwind monitoring
site. These sites are established to
characterize the extreme downwind
transported ozone and its precursor
concentrations exiting the area and will
identify those areas which are potentially
contributing to overwhelming ozone
transport into other areas. Air Quality Management 24
25. Air Quality Models
• Air quality models use mathematical
and numerical techniques to simulate
the physical and chemical processes
that affect air pollutants as they
disperse and react in the
atmosphere.
• inputs of meteorological data
• source information
• emission rates
• stack height
• models are designed to characterize
primary pollutants
• secondary pollutants that are formed
as a result of complex chemical
reactions within the atmosphere
Air Quality Management 25
26. Surface Data
• Surface data are meteorological data
that are measured at the earth’s
surface (technically, somewhere
between the ground level and 10m).
• data contains physical parameters
• Temperature
• dew point
• wind direction
• wind speed
• cloud cover
• cloud layer(s)
• Visibility
• current weather
• precipitation amount
• Surface data are reported by the
National Weather Service for each
hour
Air Quality Management 26
27. World Car Sales by Manufacturers
1998-2005
Air Quality Management 27
34. Health Effects Institute
Asian Risk Estimates Similar to West
Percent Increase in Mortality per 10 µg increase in PM10
0.8
0.62
Percent Increase
0.46
0.6
0.49
0.4
0.2
0
US (90 Cities)
Europe (21 Cities)
Asia (4 Cities)
Health Effects Institute, 2008 Air Quality Management 34
35. Implement a Project-II
Due Date: Friday, 17th May, 2013
A PENNY SAVED IS A PENNY EARNED…
… have to save money or earn money…
… up to Rs 10,000 within one month…
• Solid Waste Management
• Air Quality Management
• Energy Audit
• Material Recovery from Solid Waste
• Biofuels
• Energy Conservation
• Selling Drinking Water
Or
• Any smart idea related to Public Health
Engineering
Note: Provide complete data related to the activities
in terms of Rupees
Air Quality Management 35
37. The World Bank Assessment Report (Pakistan)
• Mean annual cost of Environmental
and Natural Resource Damage is
Environmental and Natural
about Rs. 365 billion or 6% of GDP
Resource Damage
• Air pollution contributes 1/3 to the (Rs. 365 billion) Indoor
total damage air
pollution
• Rs. 67 billion for Indoor air 19%
pollution
Others
• Rs. 65 billion for Urban air (Water,
pollution Waste
water,
• Annually urban air pollution causes Solid
waste )
– 22,000 deaths among adults Urban air
63% pollution
– 700 deaths among young 18%
children
Air Quality Management 37
38. Annual Cost of Urban Air Pollution
Health Impacts (Billion Rs)
Air Quality Management 38
39. National Environmental Quality Standards NEQS for Ambient Air
Concentration in Ambient Air
Pollutants Time-weighted average Effective from 1st January,
2009
Annual Average 80 µg/m3
Sulfur Dioxide
24 hour 120 µg/m3
Annual Average 40 µg/m3
Oxides of Nitrogen as NO
24 hour 40 µg/m3
Annual Average 40 µg/m3
Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2
24 hour 80 µg/m3
Ozone 1 hour 180 µg/m3
Suspended Particulate Matter Annual Average 400 µg/m3
SPM 24 hour 550 µg/m3
Annual Average 200 µg/m3
Particulate Matter PM10
24 hour 250 µg/m3
Annual Average 25 µg/m3
Particulate Matter PM2.5 24 hour 40 µg/m3
1 hour 25 µg/m3
Annual Average 1.5 µg/m3
Lead (Pb)
24 hour 2.0 µg/m3
8 hour 5 mg/m3
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Air Quality Management 39
1 hour 10 mg/m3
41. Power Shortfall in Pakistan
Overall power shortfall current and projected in
Pakistan as:
• 6577 MW in 2010
• 18320 MW in 2015
• 36462 MW by 2020
Primary Energy Supplies by source in Pakistan
Air Quality Management 41
49. Calculation of Suspended Particulate Matter
The concentration of Total Suspended Particulate was calculated using the
following formula (40 CFR Appendix B, Part 50, USEPA)
6
Wf Wi 10 (µg/m3)
TSP =
V
where,
TSP is mass concentration of total suspended particulate matter (µg/m3)
Wi is initial weight of clean filter (g)
Wf is final weight of exposed filter (g)
V is the sampled air volume (m3)
106 is for conversion of g to µg
50. High Volume Air Sampler
Measuring PM10
Air Quality Management 50
