i given full detals of prevention and cntrol of ticks and mites

1. LINGAIAH CHILUKA
1ST M.Sc. P.H.E

15. Prevention strategies for tick-borne diseases can be divided
into 3 general categories: Environmental, Personal, and
Prophylactic (after a tick bite has occurred)
 Environmental strategies involves the control of the
population of deer and other vector and tick control
measures.
 Personal strategies involves avoiding grassy areas with
shrubs that attract ticks, wearing long trousers and
socks, applying permethrin (an insect repellent) to
clothing.
 Prophylactic measures include the use of vaccines.

17. PERSONAL PROTECTION:
AVOIDANCE:
 Avoid wooded & bushy areas with grass and leaf
litter , walk in the center of trails.
 Not sleeping on floors of mud houses.
 Metal bed provide some protection as the ticks have
difficulty in climbing on metals.
REPELLENTS:
 Repellents prevent the ticks from attaching to the
body.

18. •Repellents include:
•DEET or N,N-diethyl-3-
toluamide
•Benzyl benzoate
•Dimethyl carbamate and
indalone.
CLOTHING:
•Trousers should be tucked
into the boots or socks
•Shirts are tucked into
trousers

19. IMPREGNATED CLOTHING:
 Clothes should be impregnated either by
spraying or soaking with Pyrethroid insecticides
such as Permethrin or Cyfluthrin.
 Permethrin at the rate of
0.65 – 1.0 gm of Ai /sq meter
REMOVAL OF ATTACHED TICKS:
 It is important to examine the body frequently
for ticks during and after visit to tick infested
area.

21. • Numerous birds feeds on ticks. Best known are cattle egrets
(Bubulcus ibis), oxpeckers (Buphagus spp. in Africa) and
cattle tyrants (Machetomis rixosa ,in America).other chicken ,
guinea fowls domestic birds eats ticks.
Biological control of Ticks & Mites on Livestock –cattle , sheep , swine and poultry

22.  In a study there are reports of good efficacy of Bt suspensions against
northern fowl mites , when directly applied on infested chicken.
 But there are no commercial products based on Bt approved for use on
livestock or pets

23.  These wasps are not commercially available in countries where ticks are
problem for livestock.
 This wasps are very efficient parasites of ticks hat achieve 25-50 percent
natural parasitizaion rates. They deposit 6 or more eggs inside an engorged
tick. But unfortunately field trails in USA failed to really control tick
populations.
All parasitoid species of ticks are small hymenopteran
wasps of the genus Ixodiphaus , particularly Ixodipagus
hookeri.

24. The best investigated species of fungi pathogenic for
ticks belong to genera
Beauveria,Metarhizium,Paeclomyces and Verticillium.
they develops in soil and are found worldwide.
When the spores of fungi come in contact with he ticks
they stick to their cuticle , where they germinate and
produce hyphae , thread like filamentous structures.
Piercing the membranes between body or limb segments
or mouth pieces and damage body organs and kills the
ticks ,some fungi can produces toxins also

25. Ants also predate on eggs and larvae of ticks
and other arthropods, particularly Pheidole
megacephala(big headed ant in US) , Coastal
brown ant in Australia, Solenopsis spp.(fireants)
and Camponotos spp.(carpenter ants)
Ants can contribute to eliminate some ticks on
pastures, but not enough to ring down tick
populations below the economic threshold level
Helminth predators

29. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE:
 Leptotrombidium deliense and
Leptotrombidium akamushi - scrub typhus
They belong to the family Trombiculidae.
 Sarcoptes scabiei - scabies
Belong to the family Sarcoptidae.
Also called itch mite.

32.  Dermacentor pteronyssinus and
Dermacentor farinae are the mites which
generally cause allergy, in some case asthma
and atiopic dermatitis(eczeme) is seen when we
inhale house dust with mites and mite faeces
 Generally 100 mites per gram of dust is
considered as a risk factors which can cause
asthma.
 For acute asthma 500 mites per gram of dust.

36. Scrub typhus
 Pathogen: Orientia tsutsugamushi - Rickettsial bacteria caused by a
gram-negative, rod-shaped (cocco-bacillus) bacterium
 Vector: Leptotrombidium Chigger-Mite
 O. tsutsugamushi is transmitted to vertebrate hosts (rodents-
primary host & humans-secondary or accidental host) by the bite of
larval mites (chiggers) of the genus Leptotrombidium, e.g. L.
deliense, L. dimphalum, etc.
 An eschar, approx. 5 -20 mm diameter is formed at the site bitten by
trombiculid mite, and this may be considered as the most important
clinical finding for the diagnosis of scrub typhus.
 The site bitten by the chiggers is initially a papule followed by a
blistered ulcer, and this is then covered with a black crust; the
border of the eschar is surrounded by reddish erythema.it formed at
the time when symptoms are manifested.

37. Scrub typhus in India has been reported from
Rajasthan , Jammu & Kashmir and Vellore . few
cases have been tested positive for IgG
antibodies from Sikkim , Darjeeling , Nagaland
& Manipur .
In an entomologic study in Himachal Pradesh
vector species Leptotombidium deliense &
Gahrliepia spp. Were recorded .
Endemic typhus reported from Pune ,
Lucknow , Mysore , Kolkata , Golconda , Karnal
, Rewari and Kashmir.

40. REMOVAL OF VEGETATION:
 Close-cut lawns and gardens with well kept
paths and weed-free beds.
 Elimination of tall weeds.
RESIDUAL SPRAYING ON VEGETATIONS:
 When removal of vegetation is not possible it
can be sprayed with residual insecticides,
 Applied with ULV spray equipment.

41. IMPREGNATION OF CLOTHES:
•DEET, Benzyl benzoate and Dimethyl pthalate :
0.65 – 1g (a.i)/sq.m.
•Clothing can be treated with one or more of this
repellents, providing long lasting protection even
after one or two washes.
REPELLENT:
•On skin : 20g(a.i)/sq.m
•Improved personal hygiene play a role in
control of
Scabies mites.

42. INSECTICIDE FORMULATION CONCENTRATIO
N
Malathion Dust 4 – 5%
Propoxur Dust 1%
Diazinon Dust 2%

46.  VECTOR CONTROL (methods for use by individuals and communites) by Jan A.
ROZENDAAL
 WHO - Chemical methods for the control of vectors and pests of public health
importance.
 Household & structural , Department of Entomology-PURDUE University
 CDC-Tickborne diseases of the United States , reference manual for healthcare
providers , 3rd edition,2015
 WHO-PESTICIDES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS For control of vectors & pests
of public health importance , 6th edition