Effective techniques in Urban and Household Pests Management

1. RECENT APPROACHES IN URBAN AND HOUSEHOLD PEST
MANAGEMENT.
PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Department of Entomology
COURSE NO : ENT -591
Course In-charge: Dr. S.J Rahman
(Senior Professor & University Head)
Chairman: Dr. J.C Sekhar
(Principal Scientist IIMR)
Presented by
Prajwal Gowda MA
M.Sc(Ag) 2nd Year
RAM/2020-50
Dept. of Entomology

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Categories of Urban Pests
 Types of Household Pests
 Management of Urban & Household pests
 Indigenous & Innovative science in stored grain pest management
 Case Studies
 Conclusion

3. URBAN PESTS
The urban environment is a complex of habitats developed by humans from natural sites
or agricultural land.
Ex: Houses, villages, gardens, cities, buildings, yards etc.
 Urban pest means a destructive insect or other animal which has human health or
aesthetic implications.
 Urban pests includes turf pests, structural pests, ornamental plant pests, indoor and
outdoor nuisance pests.
 Pest status for insects and other arthropods in the urban environment may or may not be
based on a measurable feature.
W.H Robinson, 2015

4.  The damage caused to structures by termites or other wood-infesting insects can
be measured.
 The health threat or medical importance, such as from stinging insects, vectors of
diseases cannot be measured by costs.
 Urban pests status studied based on aesthetic & medical consideration.
 Aesthetic injury may be associated with a specific number of individual pests, such
as sighting one to two cockroaches or chirping crickets within 24 h indoors.
 Medical importance insects are those which bite, sting, suck blood, transmit
parasites and pathogens, or because they induce allergies or entomophobia.
Example mosquitoes, head louse and bed bugs.

5. URBAN PESTs CATEGORIES & EXAMPLES
Urban pests category Examples
Indoor Nuisance Mosquito, ant, flea, louse
Outdoor Nuisance Wasp, hornets, ticks
Turf and Ornamental
Plants
White grub, aphids, plant bugs,
whiteflies, thrips
Home Garden Slug, snail, flea beetle
Structural Termite, carpenter ant, powder post
beetle.
Κ. D. Racke, 2003

6. Indoor Nuisance Pest Control.
 Broadcast floor sprays may be made for pests such as fleas.
Spot and surface treatments are made to control cockroaches and ants.
 Insecticidal baits are employed for these same invaders.
 Total release aerosol bombs or slow-release pest strips can also be used.
Aerosol bomb Pest strips

7. Structural Pest Control.
 Distinctive pesticide use patterns are made to control structural pests such as
termites.
 A preventative approach, which involves the treatment of timber with
insecticides (Hgcl2, Chlorpyriphos) prior to construction.
 For buildings under construction, application of insecticide formulations may be
made to the soil underneath the slab or foundation.
 Exposed wood surfaces may be subject to insecticide drenches(imidacloprid) for
control of wood-boring beetle pests.
 In extreme cases an entire structure may be fumigated(sulfuryl fluoride) to provide
control.

8. Outdoor Nuisance Pest Control.
 High volume- low concentration sprays of insecticides may be made to
exterior building surfaces.
 Insecticidal dusts may also be applied.(e.g., wasp nests, ant mounds).
 Fogging with insecticides may be employed for very mobile pests such as
mosquitoes or blackflies.
 For rodents control, rodenticidal baits are used.

9. Turf and Ornamental Pest Control.
 Both foliar sprays and granular applications of insecticides may be applied for control of
surface feeding as well as soil- dwelling insect pests.
 For ornamental plants & shrubs, foliar sprays are most commonly followed.
 Poison baiting & use of pheromone can also be done.

10. Home Garden Pest Control.
 Insecticide sprays, granules, and dusts may all be employed.
 Insecticidal aerosol sprays are also employed on crops such as tomatoes and
potatoes.
 Fruit bearing trees and vines in the home garden are often subject to foliar
insecticide sprays.

11. MOSQUITOES
Only females bite. One blood meal is sufficient for her to produce many (300) eggs.
Larvae are aquatic. Both sexes of mosquito feed on various juices of flower nectar & fruits.
 Acts as a vector of diseases also.
o Anopheles- Malaria (Proven by Ronald Ross)
o Culex- Filariasis &
o Aedes- Dengue, Chickengunya.
Graham in 1905 was the first to prove mosquito transmission of dengue.
Management
o Use of Mat vaporizers @ one per 30sq m and use of FIK aerosols like propoxur 1%.
o DEET, DEBA & DEPA repellents for skin application – 5g of the lotions are
recommended to offer 6 to 8hrs protection.
o Home electric LED & black light traps (U.V) are also effective. Singhamapatra, 2020

12. Electronic LED trap Black light Trap

13. D Trans Allethrin Propoxur

14. Synthetic pheromone:
 Chemical 1-Octen-3-ol which acts as an
attractant can be used.
 The activity of pheromone persists in the
established breeding place for four days after
application.
Physical method:
 Using infrared radiation. Mosquitoes are attracted by a
500W quartz infrared lamp.
Pingxi Xu et al., 2015

15. Biocontrol method
 Bacterial insecticide- Bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis serotype H14, strain 164
is highly effective against early instar larva.
It’s applied at 0.5g/ sq m of water or at 0.5% by knapsack sprayer at 3 weeks interval.
 Bacillus sphaericus also effective against larva.
 By releasing fishes like Gambusia, Poecilia, Tilapia which are larvivorous.
Chemical method.
 Application of fenitrothion at 1g a.i/sq.m on the surface of breeding water.
 Use of mosquito nets of 16 meshes/sq inch impregnated with deltamethrin 2.5% or
lambda cyhalothrin @ 25mg/sq m.
 Repellents containing citronella oil are used, Commercial products are Odomos & Replex
Lacey, 2007

16. Insecticides (Outside). For adults, spray window screens and around doors and windows.
Use aerosols of pyrethroids like Deltamethrin, Cyfluthrin.
• Fenthion 82.5EC recommended for highly polluted water.
• Standing water can be treated with Methoprene(JH’A) and Diflubenzuron 25WP(IGR)
which are effective against all species at 50g & 100g a.i/ha.
Insecticides (inside).
• Pirimiphos methyl @ 2g/m2 area.
• Spray- Cypermethrin, Ortho Flying Insect Killer (tetramethrin & phenothrin), Ortho
“Mosquito-B-Gon”(0.2% pyrethrins & 1% piperonyl butoxide).
• Temephos can be used in portable water.
Novel methods.
• Wolbachia- Incompatible insect technique.
• Sterile insect Technique.
• RIDL Method.
Brad Kard et al., 2016

17. Wolbachia spp. are Gram-negative α-proteobacteria which is an obligate intracellular.
It is the most common reproductive parasite in the biosphere.
These include inducing
1. infected females to reproduce without mating (parthenogenesis).
2. Feminization of males such that they become functional phenotypic female.
3. Selective killing of male embryos, and Cytoplasmic incompatibility which prevents
infected males from producing offspring with uninfected females.
They are cytoplasmically inherited (Wolbachia are present in mature eggs, but not mature
sperm- only infected females pass the infection on to their offspring).
Two Types of incompatibility,
 Unidirectional: occurs when sperm from a Wolbachia infected male fertilizes an
uninfected egg. But the reciprocal cross is compatible.
 Bidirectional: occurs when a male & female harbor two different strains of Wolbachia that
are mutually incompatible.
Sthouthamer et al., 1999

18. 2 Kinds of Releases.
 Release of male and female mosquitoes with Wolbachia over a number of weeks.
These mosquitoes then breed with the wild population.
Over time, the percentage of mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia grows until it
remains high without the need for further releases.
 Release of only male mosquitoes with Wolbachia. When these mosquitoes mate
with wild female mosquitoes without Wolbachia, they are unable to reproduce.
This method reduces the ability of mosquitoes to transmit zika, dengue, chikungunya
and yellow fever on to people.
Iturbe-Ormaetxe et al., 2011

19. CONSEQUENCES.
 Altering the biting position.
 Affects brain tissues of host.
 Interferes viral replication inside
host.
 Affect nutritional status of
host.
 Reduces hosts lifespan.
 Indirectly kills virus.
 Affect host development.

20. STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE (SIT):
Genetically manipulated insects are released among the wild populations to make the
matings infructuous (eggs will be non viable or sterile) or to introduce lethal genes
into the eggs of the females so that they do not develop beyond certain stage.
This is also called as autocidal method.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS:
 A method inducing sterility without impairing sexual behaviour of insects.
 Good intermingling of released and natural populations.
 A quantitative information on the natural population density.
 Information on the rate of population increase.
LIMITATIONS
 Not effective against insects that are prolific breeders.

21. • Sterile insects are not self-replicating and, therefore, cannot become
established in the environment.
• Repeated release of sterile males can further reduce and in cases of isolation
eliminate pest populations.
• The released insects are preferably male, as this is more cost-effective and
the females may in some situations cause damage by laying eggs in the crop,
or, in the case of mosquitoes, taking blood from humans.
• The sterile males compete with wild males to mate with the females,
females that mate with a sterile male produce no offspring,
thus reducing the next generation's population.
Bouyer and Lefrancois, 2014

23. Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (Bti) bacteria is found in soil.
Bti is used as a larvicide to kill larvae before
they can grow into adults that can bite people.
How Bti Works?
• When eaten by mosquito larvae it produces toxins that kill these insects.
How Bti is Used?
• Bti comes in many forms including tablets, pellets, granules, or liquid.
• Bti can be added to standing water, ponds, septic tanks, and pools that are not in use.
The recommended dose is 7.5kg/ha in clean water and 10kg/ha in polluted water.
(source: nvbdcp.gov.in)

24. Genetically Modified Mosquitoes
An alternative method to sterilize males for population
suppression has been developed in which a self-limiting
gene is introduced into mosquito through genetic
engineering.
 This approach, was called as Release of Insects
Carrying a Dominant Lethal (RIDL).
 The lethal gene can be repressed using an antidote
(tetracycline) so that mosquitoes can be reared to
adulthood in lab facilities prior to the release of males
into wild populations, which then mate with wild
females, producing offspring that die at the larval
stage in the absence of tetracycline.
 This approach is species-specific (like IIT and SIT) &
eliminates the population in the release area. Benelli et al., 2016

25. HOUSE FLIES
Grey-bodied fly, black stripes on thorax, and slightly hairy appearance.
• These breed in manure, garbage, and fermenting crop wastes.
• They may carry and spread diseases like cholera, dysentery, anthrax & leprosy.
Control
 A flyswatter is very useful.
 Electric light traps & sticky traps are very effective.
 For adults, aerosol bombs are effective.
 Fly paper, insecticidal hanging strips(DDVP) are useful.
Insecticides:
Diflubenzuron @30g/m2 with 3 lit of water.
RTU sprays of Alphacypermethrin @0.1%
Bait: Sugar solution + Imidacloprid @0.5%
Propoxur granules @2% can also be used.
Bed net impregnated with cyfluthrin 5%EW @50mg/m2.

26. 3D Glue trap Chemical Bait Fly Swatter

27. Bedbugs- Cimex sps
 Wingless insects that usually attack and take a blood meal at night.
 Bed bugs feed on blood of man and animals itching that can lead to scratching and
infection.
 These pests remain hidden near sleeping place during daylight hours.
Note:
• Do not treat bedding with any
chemical; wash in hot water with
detergent and place in hot dryer
for 30 minutes to kill bedbugs.

28. CONTROL
• Thoroughly vacuum bedstead, floor, cracks, and crevices.
• Climb-Up® Insect Interceptor” capture and exclusion devices placed under bed legs.
• Insecticides- DeltaDust, Drione dust, Cyper TC, Tempo SC Ultra are effective against bed
bugs.

29. Fleas-Pulex sps & Xenopsylla cheopsis
Larve feed on organic matter. Only adult is parasitic on warm
blooded animals. Both the sexes feed on blood. It’s bite causes
irritation & soreness. It transmits bubonic plague.
Management of Fleas
 Vacuum carpets thoroughly.
 Spray propoxur @0.5%.
 Apply Petcor (pyrethrin+methoprene)@1% over the animals
 DeltaDust can be used to treat lawn.
Headlouse- Pediculus humanus captis
 Due to biting- skin scarred, thickened with brownish spots.
 Transmits relapsing & epidemic typhus fever.
Fleas
Louse
 For Head louse- Lotions of Permethrin 1%, Benzyl alcohol 5%, ivermectin 0.5%,
Malathion 0.5% & Spinosad 0.9% topical suspension.
 Use lindane shampoo 1%. www.cdc.gov/parasites

30. Social insects that live almost entirely inside wood on which they feed or inside mounds.
Signs of Damage:
 Sightings of termite swarmers (flying termites) or discarded wings – Usually the first
sign of infestation.
 Mud in cracks of timber & mud falling from walls.
 Hollow timbers.
Termites- Odontotermes obesus & Cryptotermes brevis

31. A method which kills all castes of termite.
 Unpack and assemble stations.
 Place stations over termite infestation.
 Check every 15 days.
Principle
 Attracts termites,
 Feeds termites,
(Cellulose mixed with Beauveria bassiana
spores)
 & kills termites due to white muscardine
disease.
Decke indoor baiting technique

32. Termiticides.
Can be applied directly to soil or for aboveground surfaces.
 Chlorpyriphos 2% RTU can be used.
 Sprays of Termex (Imidacloprid) 30.5SC @ 0.2% is very effective.
 Termidor (Fipronil)SC @ 0.06%, Cyper TC @ 0.1%, Baseline(bifenthrin),
Permethrin TC.
 To protect wood & buildings (pre/post construction)- Chlorpyriphos 20EC@
50ml/lit is applied.
Additionally, sprays of borate products like Tim-Bor, Bora-Care & Board Defense
treatments to wood surfaces also suggested.

33. White grub
Drying in Patches
Nature of damage
Feeds below the soil surface on the roots and
rhizomes of all commonly used turfgrass
& are capable of eliminating the entire root
system.
Symptoms of damage
Turf in such areas can be easily lifted from
the soil surface or rolled like a carpet,
revealing the C-shaped white grubs
underneath.

34. Management
Apply Chlorpyriphos 50 EC 4 lit/ ha through sprinkler irrigation method.
Spray Clothianidin @0.5ml/lit, bifenthrin @2ml/lit, Imidacloprid @80ml/acre
Newer insecticides are Chlorantraniliprole @0.4ml/lit, Cyantraniliprole @1g/lit.
 Metarhizium brunneum – formerly known as M. anisopliae @1.5 Kg/acre.
 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora @4.5 kg/ha.
 A recently-introduced biological insecticide is Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae @ 1kg/ha.
- A new species of nematodes, Steinernema scarabaei, has been showing promising results
in research studies.
Geethanjali devi et al., (2018)
Stock and Koppenhofer, 2003

35. M. brunneum H. bacteriophora B. bassiana

36. The main difference between them is that a snail has a shell and a slug does
not.
SLUGS SNAILS
SLUGS & SNAILS

37. Damage symptoms
• They are especially active at night, feeding
early in the spring when new growth is
luxurious.
• Large, irregular holes in leaves or petals
and succulent stems snipped in half.
• Silvery, slimy trails of drying mucus.
Ragged Holes

38. MANAGEMENT
Baiting-
• Acetamiprid 20SP or Emamectin benzoate
5SG are used at 10% as bait in 1kg wheat
husk, 250g jaggery & 25g yeast extract in
water.
• Sugar water and yeast mixed together
which acts as an attractant.
• Use metaldehyde 2.5% at 2kg/acre or Iron
phosphate.
• Use malted beer as an attractant.
Baiting using beer
www.ipm.ucdavis.edu

39. Barrier
• Use copper barriers around planting beds and trees to give snails and slugs an electric
shock.
(Molluscans use Haemocyanin in their blood to transport oxygen. These Haemocyanin
proteins contain two copper atoms. This makes all molluscans very sensitive to the ingestion
of additional quantities of copper. So it prevents oxygen movement).

40. SPIDERS
Bites from some are venomous (Recluse & Widow spiders).
-Spiders can affect small children and hypersensitive individuals, causing redness and
swelling of the skin.
-Spiders are mainly beneficial because they feed upon pest insects, but are also a food
source for many birds, reptiles and mammals. So non dangerous spiders should not be
indiscriminately killed.
Control
o Keep spiders out with weather stripping & spider catcher.
o Use of sticky cards placed flat on the floor in room corners kill many spiders.
o Caulk and seal all exterior entry points around door, window and walls.

41. Venomous Recluse (Violin) Spider Spider catcher

42. PESTICIDES:
a. Insecticide treatments with sprays and dusts around outside of the wall.
b. Cypermethrin 25EC @0.1%, Deltamethrin spray@ 0.05%, Deltamethrin granules 0.1%
and Drione dust (pyrethrins+piperonyl butoxide) can be used against spiders.
Weather Stripping Glue trap

43. WASPS AND HORNETS
They build their single comb, paper-like nests under house eaves or in sheltered areas
such as sheds, barns, garages, or within ground cavities (yellow jackets).
Stinging insects build nests near dwelling places and may become nuisance or danger
to those allergic to their sting.
Hornets will only attack to defend their colony.
These are larger in size and has red or orange color body.
Management
 Use screens in buildings.
 If one or two enter, use a flyswatter.
 For underground nests like yellow jackets, apply insecticide directly into the entrance hole
and close over immediately with soil.
Hornet

44. Wasps nest
Electric swatter
Insecticides:
Spray aerosols of
• Cyfluthrin @0.025%,
• Deltamethrin @0.02%,
• Cyphenothrin @0.2% or
• Lambda cyhalothrin @0.1%.
Hornets nest

45. Household pests
 Any undesired vertebrates or invertebrates that have a history of living, invading, causing
damage, eating human foods, acting as disease vectors or causing harms in human habitation.
 Household pests constitute any-other unwanted invasion in the home.
Generally household pests are a subset of urban pests.
The common household pests includes- Ants, Silverfish, Powder post beetles, Carpet beetle,
Cloth moth & Cricket.
It prefer moisture, active at night and hide during the day.
 Eat foods high in protein or starch
(e.g., glue or paste, bookbindings, starch in clothing, and rayon fabrics.)
Mullick, 2003
Silverfish- Ctenolepisma sps

46. Management of silverfish
Spray propoxur @0.5%
Poison baiting: Oatmeal, Sodium fluoride or white arsenic, sugar & common salt.
Very fine sawdust on or beneath wood and small round or oval shot holes in wood surfaces
indicate infestation.
Powder post beetle: Sinoxylon sudanicum
Management:
• Fumigation with methyl bromide.
• Borate liquid applications to wood surfaces are
beneficial.
• Treat wood with Copper sulphate or Zinc
chloride @0.2%.
• Paint with varnish or tar.

47. Carpet beetle- Anthrena Pimpinella
• Grub & adults bite holes in fabrics like clothings, curtain.
• They also attack silk, insect specimens & dried meat.
Cloth Moth- Trichophaga abruptella
• Larva attack wool, leather, fish meal, dead insects & animals.
Cricket- Gryllus sps
• Live in crevices & males causes nuisance by making chirping
noise at night.
Management
 Use PDCB crystals/Napthalene balls.
 DeltaDust applied to cracks and crevices.
 Spray Demand CS, Dragnet FT, Suspend SC, Tempo SC Ultra.
 Caulk, seal all openings & use of sticky traps was found
effective against cricket.

48. ANTS- Monomorium criniceps
Feeding on all kinds of food materials,
Including sweets, starches and fatty foods.
Management
 Keep food refrigerated @<10°C.
 Using caulk and screening to exclude ants is effective.
 Home-made bait of syrup mixed with boric acid powder (3 tsp. BA + 100ml. syrup) is
effective.
 When using these baits and traps do not clean near area where baits are placed because
chemical foraging trails can be erased.
Harrison, 2006

49. Insecticides (indoor).
 Combat® (hydramethylnon) or MaxForce® (fipronil) ant bait gel,
or a contact insecticides like DeltaDust® (deltamethrin) @ 1.25g/lit
or Ortho Home Defense® (bifenthrin) @0.5ml/lit spray have been effective.
-Boric acid is available in liquid bait & also in spray formulation under trade name ‘Terro’.
Insecticides (outdoor).
 Products containing pyrethroids such as cypermethrin @1ml/lit, permethrin @1.5ml/lit and
lambda-cyhalothrin @1ml/lit are effective as perimeter applications.

50. Cockroaches exit their hiding places at night and feed on all types of food-stuffs as well as
starchy materials such as book binding glues.
- During the day, roaches congregate in dark places such as inside kitchen cabinets and
under sinks & around bathroom fixtures.
 They also feed on milk, soda, beer, cheese, meat and dead insects. They are often attracted
by food residue and garbages.
 It produces foul smell with excreta spread over.
Control
• Caulk to repair holes and cracks in walls.
• Use sticky traps to aid in control.
COCKROACHES- Periplanata americana

51. Insecticides (indoor).
 RTU sprays of several insecticides that contain permethrin and
bifenthrin are effective.
 Silica gel powder or baits containing boric acid are also effective.
 Products containing hydroprene (Gentrol), or MaxForce®FC Roach
Killer Bait Gel (fipronil) or MaxForce
ProRoach Killer Bait Gel (hydramethylnon) are effective.
 DeltaDust can also be used.
 Imidacloprid gel bait is effective.
 Etofenprox @ 1mg/sq cm.
Imiprothrin + Cypermethrin

53. Rodents
1. House mouse
- Mus musculus
2. House rat/ Black rat
- Rattus rattus
3. Brown rat /Norway rat /Sewer rat
- Rattus norvegicus
1.House mouse 2.Black rat
3.Sewer rat

54.  About 4.5% losses are caused due to rodents in storage annually.
 Rodents causes serious damage not only to stored products but also to buildings.
 Rodents not only feed on the grains but also contaminate more than 20% what they
consume, with their faeces, urine and hair.
 Prolonged attacks results in serious quantitative losses, up to 3-4%, of stored products.
 Decrease in quality of the foodstuffs, caused by the filth secretions rodents.
 Indeed, rodents are often the vectors of a number of serious diseases like rabies,
leptospirosis etc
Rodents.
Gubler et al., 2001

55.  Destroy books, papers, and clothes.
 Chew through electrical wires and increase electrocution risk.
 Cause structural damage to wood, drywall, insulation, and other building materials.

56. RODENTS MANAGEMENT
1. Ultrasonic technology
1. The ultrasonic deterrent devices
emit a sound undetectable by
humans.
2. The pressure and frequency of this
emitted sound drives mice and rats
away.

57. PROPER PROOFING
• Apertures should be 6 mm maximum.
• Materials must be resistant to gnawing, e.g. galvanized steel.
TRAPS
Old types
a. Snap neck trap
b. Live catch trap
c. Wonder/ Glue trap
Live trap Snap trap

58. REPRODUCTIVE INHIBITORS
Given through Bait @ 0.5% -Tetradifon, Furadantin and Colchicine.
A germ cell mutagen, Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and also reduces fertility in both
male and female.
USE OF ANTICOAGULANTS
First-generation/Multiple dose anticoagulants-
Warfarin & fumarin @0.025%,
Diphacinone and Chlorophacinone @0.03%.
-Racumin (coumatetralyl) has been commercialized in India to be used as 0.75% tracking
powder or 0.0375% cereal bait.
Application:
Liquid bait: Warfarin – one part & Water – 19 parts.
Solid bait: Warfarin– one part, Sugar – one part, Vegetable oil – one part & Crushed grain –
17 parts.
Mattison and Thomford, 2020

59. Second generation/ Single dose anticoagulant rodenticides
These needs to be eaten by rats only once before they die. Since, the rodents feel no
pain, there is no warning & they continue to feed if the bait is attractive.
 difenacoum, brodifacoum,
 bromadiolone RB(Ready Bait) @0.005%,
 flocoumafen and difethiolone(0.0025%).
One piece should be kept at hiding place or runways etc.
Witmer et al.,(2013)

60. Household Stored Product Pests.
Insects and rodents feed on the stored products & also contaminate them which
make food unfit for human consumption.
Among biotic factors, insects causes nearly 10 -20% of damage to total stored
produce (Tyagi et al., 2019).
About 500 species of insects have been associated with stored grain products.
• 100 species of insect pests of stored products cause economic losses.
• Storage insect pests are categorized into two types.
• Primary storage pests : Insects that damages sound/whole grain.
a) Internal feeders- insects feed entirely within the kernels or grain.
b) External feeders- feed on the grains from outside/ grain surface.
• Secondary storage pests: Insects feed on broken grains or on materials which
are out of condition and dump.

61. Common Name Scientific Name Host Food
Rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae Rice, wheat, sorghum, barley,
maize.
Lesser grain borer Rhizopertha dominica Rice, wheat, maize.
Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella Paddy, wheat and maize.
Pulse beetles Callosobruchus chinensis,
C. maculatus
Pulses, gram and bean.
Cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne Peanut, spices, turmeric, chillies,
ginger, stored tobacco.
Drug store beetle Stegobium paniceum Turmeric, coriander, ginger, dry
vegetables & animal matter.
INTERNAL FEEDERS.

62. External feeder
Common Name Scientific Name Host Food
Long headed flour beetle Latheticus oryzae Broken grains, damaged grains
Saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis Dry fruits, rice, wheat, maize,
cereals
Grain/flour mites Acarus siro Cereal grains, flour, other
vegetables
Common Name Scientific Name Host Food
Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum,
T. confusum
Processed foods like flour,
grains, cornflakes
Secondary pests

63. Rice weevil Lesser grain borer Pulse beetle Cigarette beetle
Drug store beetle Flour beetle Long head flour beetle Grain mites

64. Recent advances in stored grain pest management
1. Plant volatile organic compounds (PVOC)
Bioactive, typically volatile in nature. PVOC may act as a growth inhibitors, oviposition
deterrents, antifeedants, repellents and chemosterilants.
PVOC are essential oils consist of alcohols, aldehydes and terpenoids and extracts from many
plants (Rajashekar, 2012).
• Aqueous extracts of cocklebur Xanthium strumarium leaf shows insecticidal properties
against C. chinensis (Roy et al., 2014).
• 1, 8 cineole, which was extracted from essential oils of Lamiaceae(mints) plants affects
oviposition of rice weevil.
• The asarone isolated from rhizomes of A. calamus possess chemosterilant properties.
• The essential oils of cardamom (Elletaria cardamum) (Zingiberaceae), Cinnamum
zeylanicum (Lauraceae), Sygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae), Eucalyptus spp. and Azadirachta
indica (Meliaceae) found to have ovicidal effect on the eggs of T. castaneum
(Hong et al., 2018).

65. Nanoparticles or Nanoformulations
Many forms of nanoparticles used against stored grain pests like Silica Aerogel, Aluminium
oxide (Al2O3), Zinc oxide (ZnO), Copper oxide (Cu2O), Titanium dioxide (TiO2).
 The metal nanoparticles are utilized for making such formulations & these can be used as
insecticides.
 Amorphous silica nano particles have 100 percent mortality against T. castaneum.
 Al2O3 had the strongest deterrent impact on S. oryzae (Keratum et al., 2015).
 Nano-Diatomaceous-earth killed the eggs of T. confusum.
Mode of Action of Nanoparticles
 Insects utilizes a variety of cuticular lipids to maintain their water barrier intact and hence
avoid death due to dehydration.
 When it absorbs nano-silica into the cuticular lipids, If nanoencapsulation is released, then
death occurs due to changes in diffusion, biodegradation, dissolution and osmotic
pressure.

66. Ionizing Radiation
o Strong ionizing radiation (at a dose of 0.6 kGy) causes death of stored grain insects
by producing highly reactive free radicals or ions.
o Irradiation can effectively kill all life stages of insects.
o All the stages of S. oryzae will be killed 1MHz sound exposure for 5 minutes.
Behavioral Control by Using Insect Pheromones
The pheromones are utilised to trap Tribolium spp, Sitophilus spp, Drugstore beetle and
Cigarette beetle.
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
Methoprene inhibits the metamorphosis of O. surinamensis at 1 mg/kg,
while hydrophene shows complete inhibition of larval growth in Sitophilus oryzae at a
dose of 10-20 mg/kg.

67. Spinosad as a natural grain protectant
o This is a low-risk pesticide, can be applied at a rate of 0.3ml/lit.
o It’s effective against psocid species as well as economically important beetle and moth
pests associated with stored grains (Nayak et al., 2005).
Other Synthetic grain protectants
o Reldan 4E (Chlorpyrifos-methyl) @10ml/lit. It’s labeled for use on barley, rice, grain
sorghum and wheat but is not labeled on corn. This does not have activity on lesser
grain borer.
o Storcide II (Chlorpyrifos-methyl + deltamethrin) @5ml/lit. Broad spectrum, effective
against lesser grain borer also.
o Actellic 5E (Pirimiphos-methyl) is registered for use on corn and grain sorghum.

68. Indigenous practices for eco-friendly storage of food grains and
seeds.
1. Sun drying of grains 11. Use of garlic cloves
2. Use of ash 12. Use of salt & chilli powder
3. Red soil coating 13. Use of Camphor
4. Plastering of bins with clay & cow dung 14. Use of castor powder
5. Storage of pulses with common salt 15. Sand mixture method
6. Turmeric application method 16. Use of dried red chillies
7. Mixing of leaves 17. Use of lime powder
8. Use of neem leaves 18. Use of Tulsi seeds
9. Use of neem leaves & dry chillies 19. Use of custard apple seed powder
10. Use of neem oil 20. Use of ginger & rhizome
Prakash et al., 2016

69. 1. Red soil coating method
Red soil and water are mixed to form a paste in a
container. Seeds are transferred into this pot and
mixed well so that the soil completely adheres to
the seeds.
- Seeds are dried under shade and stored in dark.
Scientific rationale:
i. As it covers the grains, the insect could not able
to feed, lay eggs as it acts as a barrier.
ii. Soil absorbs left out moisture in the seeds.
iii. Improves germination.
Target crops: Pulses, ragi, maize.

70. 2. Use of Ash
Seeds are filled in earthen pots to its 3/4 volume and
rest 1/4th filled by ash. By this method we can store
grains upto 6 months.
Farmer’s view: Wide range of storage pests are
controlled.
Scientific view: i. Ash contains silica which
interferes with insect feeding.
ii. Ash dust reduces the R.H.
iii. Egg laying and larval development could be
hampered because ash dust covers the grain seeds.
Target crops: Pulses

71. 3. Use of Neem oil.
Neem oil is manually applied on pulses to coat
every grain uniformly.
Farmer’s view: The bitter taste of Neem gives
protection against pests and pathogens.
Scientific rationale
 Margosa oil acts as repellent to many insects
such as beetles, moths and weevils.
 Neem oil kills insects at the egg stage itself.
-Neem oil also has antifeedant & molting
inhibitor property.
Target crops: Pulses

72. 4. Mixing of leaves
Calotropis
Chinese chaste
Neem
 Leaves of Neem,
Nirgandi/Chinese chaste tree
(Vitex nigundo), Calotropis are
collected and dried under shade
till it becomes papery. Then
leaves are mixed with seeds.
Farmer’s view: Leaves are readily available.
Scientific rationale: Leaves of Neem, Nirgandi &
Calotropis has very good insecticidal properties and
also acts as antifeedents, repellents and growth
inhibitors.
Target crops: Pulses and cereals

73. 5.Turmeric application method
Turmeric powder is another good method to prevent the
grains from insect pests.
Grains and seeds are mixed with turmeric powder
before storing them in bags. This provides protection for
upto 6-8months.
Farmer’s view: Easy method and kills the storage
pests.
Scientific rationale:
i. Turmerones and arturmerone are the components
which act as insect repellent in turmeric.
ii. Its strong smell keep the insects away from food
grains.
Target crops: Pulses and cereals

74. Case Study 1
They studied the effect of gamma irradiation emitted by a cesium on sexual maturation
and mating success of males and compared the sexual competitiveness of sterile versus
wild males in the presence of wild females in semi-field(cage) conditions.
In the absence of competition, untreated and sterile males were able to inseminate
the same number of virgin females. Daily mating success of single sterile males followed
the same pattern as for untreated ones.
Lemperiere et al., (2016)

75. Sterility curve of male Ae. Albopictus

76. Insemination ability of Untreated vs Sterile male mosquito according to age
NS indicates non significant & * stands for significant difference

77. Mean fecundity and fertility values of wild females in different conditions
(ratio of sterile male: wild male: wild female)

78. The competitiveness index of sterile males in semi-field conditions was
only 0.14 when they were released at 1-day old, but improved to 0.53
when the release occurred after a 5-day period in laboratory conditions.
This SIT simulation experiment suggests that sterile males could be
sufficiently competitive to mate with wild females, a 5:1 sterile to wild
male ratio allowed a two-fold reduction of the wild population’s
fertility.
So that it helps in controlling the wild mosquito population.
CONCLUSION

79. Case Study 2
A gel-baiting technique is the most effective tool to control ants with less insecticides
released into the environment.
 In this study two commercial gel baits; the Boric acid (2.5% boric acid) and the
Fipronil (0.01% fipronil) baits, were evaluated against laboratory made baits (lab
baits).
 The lab baits, consists of : 3% boric acid + fructose (F3) and 3% boric acid +
fructose + molasses (M3) were evaluated based on mortality rates of the common
household ant species: the Monomorium chinensis and the Anoplolepis gracilipes
under lab conditions.

80. Mortality of M. chinensis at different time interval under lab conditions.
α HAT = Hours after treatment β LT50 values (h) were determined by Probit analysis

81. Mortality of A. gracilipes at different time interval under lab conditions.
α HAT = Hours after treatment β LT50 values (h) were determined by Probit analysis

82. Conclusion
 Commercial fipronil bait caused a mortality within a short time.
 Lab bait M3 also had a faster killing speed than the commercial boric acid
bait and the lab bait F3.
Based on the results we can conclude that lab bait M3 was an efficient
ant bait and is a potential alternative control measure to the current
commercial baits.

83. Case Study 3
The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of different insecticide-free
baits against house fly by incorporating flower methanol extract of Helianthus
annuus (sunflower) and Tagetes erecta (marigold) at 10%, 20% and 30% bait
formulation of corn syrup, dried milk and water.
Syrup A- made with Fructose, Syrup B- Sweetless(no sugars) & Syrup C-
Sucrose.
However, imidacloprid and thiacloprid (each at 5% concentration) were also included
in the study for comparison.
Case Study 3

84. Comparison of mean mortality % of housefly exposed to flower extracts
& insecticides in corn syrups after 48h.

85. Results showed that insecticide baits were superior in causing mortality of adult
housefly, but dependent upon syrup.
 The mortality rate in 30% baits of flower extracts having fructose had a similar
impact as observed in case of imidacloprid and thiacloprid baits.
 A concentrated plant extract could cause the highest mortality up to the impact of
synthetic insecticides.
Therefore, biological baits could play a more active and safer role in the management
of housefly as compared to synthetic insecticides.
Conclusion:

86. Methods: Aqueous extracts of four different plant materials; ripe fruits of hot pepper,
fruit peelings of orange, leaves of Mexican marigold and bulbs of garlic were
studied against bedbugs in a controlled lab settings and their effect based on chemotaxis
and mortality observed.
 Each treatment; V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5 were treated with 5ml of 10mg/ml of
extracts from Capsicum annuum, fruit peelings of Citrus sinensis, leaves of Tagetes
minuta, bulbs of Allium sativum and a concoction of the four extracts at the ratio of
1:1:1:1 respectively. Treatment V6 was treated with commercial synthetic insecticide
(Bedlum®, acetamiprid as active compound) as a positive control and V7 was
treated with distilled water as a negative control.
Case Study 4

87. Time of action for plant extracts to cause 100% mortality on bed bugs.

88. Time of action for plant extracts to cause 100% motility
(Negative chemotaxis) on bedbugs

89. Conclusion
 Lab findings revealed that the bed bugs possess a negative chemotaxis
(movement away from chemical stimuli) to Concoction & acetamiprid.
 Capsicum annum and C. sinensis had a direct killing effect on the bedbugs.
 The combination of extracts from the four plants showed 100% mortality
within the shortest time of 10 seconds as compared to individual plant extracts.

90. Bed bug infestations are difficult to eradicate, further aggravated by widespread resistance to
pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides.
This study evaluated the efficacy of the newly developed fungal biopesticide Aprehend™,
containing Beauveria bassiana.
2 Strains of bed bugs are used here
• Harold Harlan strain(indoor) which is susceptible to insecticides
• & Courtyard strain(outdoor) which is resistant to insecticides
Case Study 5

91. Proportional survival of adult bed bugs after 15 min exposure to fabric treated with
B. bassiana and deltamethrin. Control was treated with water.

93. Estimate of mean survival time ± standard error.

94. Conclusion:
 Overall mortality for the Harold Harlan (insecticide-susceptible) strain was high (98–
100%) following exposure to Aprehend™ or Suspend SC (deltamethrin).
 Pyrethroid-resistant courtyard bed bugs also susceptible to infection by B. bassiana,
resulting in MSTs <6 days and >94% overall mortality.
 But, the mortality of insecticide-resistant courtyard bugs to Suspend SC was only 16-
40%.
Aprehend™ is equally effective against both insecticide-susceptible and
insecticide-resistant bed bugs and could provide pest control operators with a promising new
tool.

95.  Community approach must be followed.
 Adopt less hazardous or non-chemical methods of control.
 Emphasis should be given on reduced risk options like baits.
 Biocontrol should be encouraged which seems to be
sustainable & target specific.
 Studies on botanicals is very much essential, since many
household pests are showing resistance to synthetic pesticides.
 IPM- must be considered for an effective & economical control.

96. Referenc
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98. Acknowledgements
Course in-charge : Dr. S.J Rahman
(Senior Professor & University Head)
Chairman : Dr. J.C Sekhar
(Principal Scientist IIMR)
Faculty,
Seniors, Juniors
and Friends