This report gives brief of milk analysis system using embedded system. Also give brief of milk contain, how to build low cost, high quality milk system for farmer. This is my engineering project

1. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
A
Project Report
on
Design of Milk Analysis Embedded System for Dairy
Farmers
Submitted by
Mr.Kunal Shamsundar Kabra [B120863025]
Guided by
Prof.R.V.Ghodchar
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering
Pune Vidyarthi Griha’s, College of Engineering Nashik- 04
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
Year 2016-17
Dept. of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering, PVGCOE, NASHIK 1

2. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Chapter 1
Introduction
This chapter will give details of our project including the introduction and problem statement.
This chapter will even give glimpse of what exactly is the main motive and idea that we will
be working on. It will be a brief introduction to the thought we kept in mind before starting to
work on the project.
1.1 Introduction:
The Dairy industry in India is generally co-operative .The primary milk provider to
the dairy are farmers who do not process their milk and give it in the raw form to the co-
operative dairy. Since more number of farmers is depositing their milk in the dairy, it is a
daily task of the dairy to assess the quality of milk from each farmer, verify the quality norms
specified by government and based on quality and quantity of milk make payments. Though
several tests are available for quality assessment of milk like the content of protein, water,
detergent, lactose etc. Most dairies use only the fat content test and CLR (Corrected
Lactometer Reading) to judge milk quality.
Standard ranges of fat content and CLR of milk are specified by the government and
it is necessary for the milk to satisfy this quality norms. In measuring fat content we have
used the principle of optical scattering of light by fat globules present in the homogenized
milk thus diverting totally from the usual method of separating the fat by burning it with acid,
centrifuging it and measuring on a calibrated scale. In measuring the specific gravity of the
milk or the CLR the basic principle of traditional method i.e. using a lactometer is preserved,
but the observation of lactometer reading made using electronics is more preferred. Use of
smart card is an additional feature of this project & each farmer is provided with a unique ID
number .The daily transactions for each farmer are to be stored on the internal memory as
well as on a smart card of the farmer.
A smart card reader is installed in the bank preferably in the vicinity of the dairy.
There he can withdraw his payment from the bank any time by producing his smart card in
the bank. This smart card provision coupled with the portability of the Milk collection system
makes it possible to collect milk from those farmers who cannot take their milk to the dairy
due to economical, physical, geographical constraints. The milk van equipped with the milk
collection system and a weighing scale can collect milk from such farmers.
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3. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
1.2 Motivation for Project:
Agriculture is a very important part of Indian economy. The GDP of India mainly
dependent on agriculture and its allied business. As the dairy industry is a allied source of
income for farmer, hence farmers take more interest in it. In Indian countryside many
Cooperative dairies were formed during white revolution. They have adapted new technology
in milk production and collection. But still analyzing the quality of milk and calculating the
accurate price of milk according to its quality is challenging task.
Time required for processing of milk is more as after procuring the milk from
farmers; it is then tested for the quality by measuring the FAT content, density of milk &
quantity of milk. As this process is time consuming hence farmers have to stay in a line for
an hour or more. Secondly, some milk collection centers do not have the costly milk
analyzing equipments so the sample of milk for testing is stored in plastic bottles & tested
only after milk collection process is over, this means that a sample will be examine after one
or two hours. This led to unhygienic conditions & fear of contamination at the center. Since
all the measurement is done manually & the values are also noted manually in farmers
membership card; hence chances of errors in manual calculation of quality & quantity by
cooperative staff. Hence above all aspect motivate us to develop the new system design of
milk analysis embedded system for dairy farmer.
1.3 Objective and Problem Statement:
As per survey there is need of Data processing Unit for dairy automation. This leads to
the development of different modules. The proposed system in this report will work in
following criterion:-
• Payment is stored daily, weekly, monthly and yearly according to dairy rates.
• Measure all parameter which decide prize of milk.
• Reduces time taken to measure milk quantity.
• Display all information along with customers name on Graphics liquid crystal display.
• Real Time Clock (RTC) for time determination between different operations.
• Display essential parameters on remote display.
• Data collection of near about 2000 members in one day (morning/evening).
• Interfacing with USB port.
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4. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
1.4 Organization of the report:
The first chapter is all about the introduction to the project and the project report. It gives a
brief idea of what we have tried to achieve in our project, the objective and aim of our
project. The next chapter i.e. Chapter 2 is all about the details of literature we read to come
up with this idea. It has the content that we grabbed our attention while reading and helped us
in building this project idea. Chapter 3 i.e.“Design of milk analysis embedded system for
dairy farmers” gives a brief idea of our project the sub-topics gives details of our project
including block diagram, component description selection criteria and the circuit diagram of
our project . It includes the hardware section details and also software part of the project. The
chapter 4 includes working with the circuit diagram and simulation of the various circuits.
Chapter 5 will include the application, future scope and conclusion. Now as we have
completed the explanation of this project details and next chapter include the list of
component and cost estimation.
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5. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Next chapter, chapter 2: Literature survey will give an exhaustive survey of what we have
read to come up with the idea of our project.
Chapter 2
Literature survey
This chapter will give details of the literature we have read when we started towards our goal
(idea). In the first section of the literature survey we have mentioned the traditional method of
Milk analysis and in the second section we shown results from various research paper.
Agriculture is backbone of our country and dairy farming is joint business of Indian
farmer. Dairies collect milk from farmer everyday & payments for this milk are done
according to the rates per liter. This rate depends on various factors like weight, FAT, CLR &
SNF of the milk. Thus, a system which is simple in construction, easy to operate & which
measures the parameters such as Fat, CLR, SNF & total weight of the milk and displays it on
LCD display using a smart card for the billing purpose is necessary. This card is supplied to
every farmer who brings their milk to a particular milk collection center. The data displayed
on the LCD display is simultaneously written on this card. By using data on the smart card
payment is to be calculated. User can take printouts of the payment. [1].
In earlier days the process of testing of milk was done by measuring FAT, density,
SNF, CLR and weight separately. So to measure each quantity is very time consuming and
also all farmer has to stay in line for whole procedure. Hence the proposed system consists of
design of automatic milk collection as well as billing process. The aim of the system is to
reduce the efforts in record storage and calculation of large amount of data, because there is
tremendous revolution in dairy industry [2]
The quality of milk is measured by using a micro controller based system; it is having
high accuracy and reliability. Hardware used in circuit is very less, so the cost gets reduced as
compared to the other control systems designs. Sensors used in the systems are having wide
range for inputs so the system can be used for large scale applications. [3]
The milk collection parameters such as weight, FAT and CLR are measured as well as
use of RFID card to enter the daily billing for a farmer makes it convenient for dairy
management and former to keep account of the entries made for a month.[4]
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6. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
With the help of design of milk analysis embedded system for dairy farmers
system we are able to judge quality of milk accurately, as well as farmers gets daily updating
of record & immediate payment status for the milk delivered. Also farmers get the proper
benefit according to quality of milk and customer get the good quality milk. The cheap and
credible technology implemented in this dissertation improves the delivery system by
ensuring prompt payment to the farmers and instilling their confidence in the dairy industry,
and also minimizing the problem of adverse selection and defeating corruption. The
elimination of manual registers for all kinds of information and data storage is an additional
benefit of this dissertation. The milk collection parameters such as weight, pH, FAT & CLR
are measured by this system gives results same as the existing systems which are more costly
than the developed one.[4]
Literature survey in tabular form:
Following table shows the overall literature survey of project.
Table: 2.1 Literature Survey
Dept. of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering, PVGCOE, NASHIK 6
Ref. no. Content Remark
1. The proposed method of milk analysis
using PIC 16 micro controller.
The memory space required to store
the data is not sufficient
2. The proposed concept of milk analysis
method with the help of FAT and CLR
readings.
These are not sufficient input
Quantities for milk analysis. And also
they have not actual prize and weight
of milk.
3. The proposed concept is to replace the
manual work in the FAT measurement.
The FAT measurement is automated by
using, scattering principle.
This paper proposed the milk analysis
method with the help of photometric
principle. The system based on this
paper only calculates FAT. So this is
not sufficient process for milk analysis.
4. The proposed paper includes the
measurement of fat, CLR Parameters,
billing system by low cost equipment.
This paper has presented a low cost
Automatic milk analyzing and billing
system.

7. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Next Chapter, Chapter 3: Project Methodology and design description will includes
details of block diagram and description of each component.
Chapter 3
Project Methodology & Design Description
This chapter gives a brief idea of our project the sub-topics gives details of our project
including block diagram (detailed), component description which is use in our project. It will
give the features of all the selected components.
3.1 Block Diagram
To overcome the obstacles of present methods of milk, “Design of Milk Analysis
Embedded System for Dairy Farmers” is developed which is simple in construction, easy to
operate & which measures the parameters such as Fat, CLR, SNF & total weight of the milk
and displays on LCD display. For the billing purpose mainly a smart card is used. This card
is supplied to every farmer who brings their milk to a particular milk collection center. The
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8. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
data displayed on the LCD display is simultaneously written on this card. By using data on
the smart card payment is to be calculated.
Figure 3.1 Block Diagram
3.2 Hardware description:
• Arduino UNO Microcontroller
• LCD 20*4 Display
• Ultrasonic Sensor(SR04)
• RFID
• p H M e a s u r i n g A s s e m b l y
• FAT Measurement Assembly
• Lactometer Assembly
The description of each of the component used in the project is given as below
3.2.1 ARDUINO UNO Microcontroller
Figure 3.2 ARDUINO UNO Microcontroller
Introduction to microcontroller
Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
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9. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to the computer
with a USB cable & power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. We can
tinker with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong; in worst
case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference
versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of
USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list
of current, past or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.
Popularity of the Arduino microcontrollers is due to the following factors:
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB
used by boot loader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN 13
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
Table: 3.1 Features of Arduino
3.2.2 20x4 LCD Display White/Blue LED Backlight
A 20x4 character LCD display with vivid blue backlight LCD. Standard Hitachi
HD44780 is compatible to interface for easy connection to microcontrollers.
Dimensions of LCD display:
• Width 3.9 inches (98mm)
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10. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
• Height 2.35 inches (60mm)
• Display view size 76mm x 26mm
Pinout Connections of LCD:
Pin No. Symbol Level Description
1 VSS 0V Ground
2 VDD 5V Supply Voltage for logic
3 VO (Variable) Operating voltage for LCD
4 RS H/L H: DATA, L: Instruction code
5 R/W H/L H: Read(MPU Module) L: Write(MPU Module)
6 E H,H->L Chip enable signal
7 DB0 H/L Data bus line
8 DB1 H/L Data bus line
9 DB2 H/L Data bus line
10 DB3 H/L Data bus line
11 DB4 H/L Data bus line
12 DB5 H/L Data bus line
13 DB6 H/L Data bus line
14 DB7 H/L Data bus line
15 A 5V LED +
16 K 0V LED-
Table: 3.2 Pinout of LCD
3.2.3 Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object by using
sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and
listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the
sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the
distance between the sonar sensor and the object. Since it is known that sound travels through
air at about 344 m/s (1129 ft/s), you can take the time for the sound wave to return and
multiply it by 344 meters (or 1129 feet) to find the total round-trip distance of the sound
wave.
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11. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Figure 3.3 Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
Round-trip means that the sound wave traveled 2 times the distance to the object
before it was detected by the sensor; it includes the 'trip' from the sonar sensor to the object
AND the 'trip' from the object to the Ultrasonic sensor (after the sound wave bounced off the
object). To find the distance to the object, simply divide the round-trip distance in half.
It is important to understand that some objects might not be detected by ultrasonic
sensors. This is because some objects are shaped or positioned in such a way that the sound
wave bounces off the object, but are deflected away from the Ultrasonic sensor. It is also
possible for the object to be too small to reflect enough of the sound wave back to the sensor
to be detected. Other objects can absorb the sound wave all together (cloth, carpeting, etc),
which means that there is no way for the sensor to detect them accurately. These are
important factors to consider when designing and programming a robot using an ultrasonic
sensor.
Working of SR04 Sensor -
In the program of ultrasonic sensor, we want to calculate the distance of an object in
front of the ultrasonic sensor. This sensor can send a "ping" at a given moment and receive
the ping bouncing back on an object at another given moment. A ping is nothing but a sound
that is inaudible for the human ear and this is why this sensor is called "ultrasonic".
The sensor sends ping at a time t1 and receive the bouncing ping at a time t2.
Knowing the speed of sound, the time difference Δ t = t2 - t1 can give us an idea of the
distance of an object.
For our project we use 15 cm test tube which contain 55 ml milk:
1cm level in test tube contain =55ml/15cm= 3.666ml milk
Milk level =distance * 3.66
Hence milk level in test tube in ml = 55- milk level
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12. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
3.2.4 RFID:
RFID is abbreviation of Radio Frequency Identification. RFID signifies to tiny
electronic gadgets that comprise of a small chip and an antenna. This small chip is competent
of accumulating approx. 2000 bytes of data or information. RFID devices are used as a
substitute of bar code or a magnetic strip which is noticed at the back of an ATM card or
credit card, it gives a unique identification code to each item and similar to the magnetic strip
or bar code, RFID devices too have to be scanned to get the details (identifying information).
A fundamental advantage of RFID gadgets above the other stated devices is
that the RFID device is not required to be placed exactly near to the scanner or RFID code
reader. As all of us are well aware of the difficulty which store billers face while scanning the
bar codes and but obviously the credit cards & ATM cards need to be swiped all though a
special card reader. In comparison to it, RFID device can function from few feet away
(approx. 20 feet for high frequency devices) of the scanner machine.
Functioning Principle of RFID Device:
• RFID (radio frequency identification) is a technique facilitating identification of any
product or item without the requirement of any line of sight amid transponder and
reader.
• RFID Structure is continuously composed of 2 main hardware components. The
transponder which is located on the product to be scanned and the reader which can be
either just a reader or a read & write device, depending upon the system design,
technology employed and the requirement. The RFID reader characteristically comprise
of a radio frequency module, a controlling unit for configurations, a monitor and an
antenna it investigate the RFID tags. In addition, a number of RFID readers are in-built
with an extra interface allowing them to forward the data received to another system.
• RFID Tag – The actual data carrying tool of an RFID structure, in general comprise
of an antenna (coupling element) and an electronic micro-chip.
• Active & Passive Tags:
RFID is a common term employed to describe a device which is employed in
transferring data with the help of radio waves. RFID tags comprise of a RFID transceiver for
transferring data from one system to another.
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13. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Figure: 3.4 Generation Of Electromagnetic Field By Antenna For Passive Tag.
RFID is a common term employed to describe a device which is employed in
transferring data with the help of radio waves. RFID tags comprise of a RFID transceiver for
transferring data from one system to another.
Passive RFID Tags:
Passive tags comprise of 3 key components, namely, an in-built chip, a substrate and
an antenna. The in-built chip is also known as a circuit and is utilized to perform some
precise tasks along with accumulating data. Passive RFID tags can comprise of various kinds
of micro-chips depending on the structural design of a particular tag. These chips can be MO
(read only) or WORM (write once chip other than read many) or RW (read write) chip. A
general RFID chip is competent of accumulating 96 bits of data but some other chips have a
capacity of storing 1000-2000 bits. Passive tag has an antenna which is attached to the micro-
chip. This antenna is employed for transferring data using radio waves. The passive tag’s
performance is reliant on the size of the antenna. In the performance of tags the shape of the
antenna also plays a significant role. The third part of the tag is substrate, the substrate is a
plastic coating or Mylar which is employed to unite the antenna & the chip. Passive RFID
tags are smaller in size as well as cheap on pockets too.
Active RFID Tags:
Active tags comprise of same components that exists in passive tags. They too
comprise of a micro-chip and an antenna but the only comparison between the two is that the
size of the micro-chip in active tags is larger than passive tags’ chip. An active tag is
incorporated with a built-in power supply. Maximum of the active tags make use of batteries
whereas some of them work on solar cells. The inbuilt power system facilitates the tag to be
used as an independent reader which is competent of transferring information devoid of outer
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14. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
assistance. Active RFID tags are available with some extra features such as microprocessors,
serial ports & sensors. The highly developed technology in existing in active RFID tag
formulates it more capable in comparison to passive tags as the active tags can be easily
employed for a large array of tasks.
RFID Micro-Chip tags are basically fabricated to function at certain frequencies which are
license free.
These are:
• High Frequency (HF) 13.56 MHz
• Microwave 2.45 GHz
• Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 868-930 MHz
• Low Frequency (LF) 125-135 KHz
• Microwave 5.8 GHz
How does RFID works?
The diagram below describes the fundamental working of all RFID systems.
The transponder or tag can be either active of passive tag. It reacts to the signals from
the reader or writer or interrogator which in turn conveys signals to the computer.
Figure: 3.5 Fundamental Working Of RFID System.
RFID Applications:
RFID technology is used in a number of industries to carry out various tasks such as:
• Asset tracking
• Inventory management
• Controlling access to confined areas
• Personnel tracking
• Supply chain management
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15. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Even though RFID technology has been in used by humans ever since from World War
II, the stipulate for RFID devices is rising quickly, in fact owing to orders given by the U.S.
DoD (Department of Defense ) and Wal-Mart needing their suppliers to modify products to
be tracked by RFID technology.
3.2.4.1 RFID Card:
Figure: 3.6 RFID Card.
Specifications of RFID card:
• 125 kHz read frequency.
• EM4001 64-bit RFID tag Compatible.
• 9600 bps TTL and RS232 Output.
• Magnetic stripe emulation output.
• 10 cm read range.
EM18 Reader Module:
This is a great little RFID Reader module similar to the ID models (the difference
being no silicone protection on the back). If you need an inexpensive way to get started with
RFID, this is a great little module. Just power the module, and it will read any RFID card
within range. It will output the cards ID in a serial string, which can easily be read by any
microcontroller. The spacing on the pins is 2.54mm, which means the module will directly fit
on a breadboard.
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16. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Figure: 3.7 RFID Reader Module
Specifications of RFID module:
• 5V supply.
• 125kHz read frequency.
• EM4001 64-bit RFID tag compatible.
• 9600bps TTL and RS232 output.
• Magnetic stripe emulation output.
RFID Reader:
• 125 kHz RFID Reader with serial and Weigand26 output format.
• Easy interface to computer serial terminal through DB9 connector or direct Interface
to microcontroller via onboard connectors.
• Onboard buzzer and LED for indicating card detection.
• Onboard switch (SEL) for selecting Serial/ Wiegand26 output format.(When pressed
gives Serial output else provides Wiegand26 output)
Technical Specifications:
• Supply Voltage – 9V to 12V DC
• Operating current – 50mA
• Operating Frequency – 125 kHz
• Read Distance – 10cm.
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17. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
3.2.5 pH Sensor
A pH meter provides a value as to how acidic or alkaline a liquid is. The basic
principle of the pH meter is to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions. Acids dissolve in
water forming positively charged hydrogen ions (H+
). The greater this concentration of
hydrogen ions, the stronger the acid is. Similarly alkali or bases dissolve in water forming
negatively charged hydrogen ions (OH-
). The stronger base is the higher the concentration of
negatively charged hydrogen ions. The amount of these hydrogen ions present solution is
dissolved in some amount of water
determines the pH.
Figure 3.8 pH Sensor
A pH value of 7 indicates a neutral solution. Pure water should have a pH value of 7.
Now pH values less than 7 indicate an acidic solution while a pH value greater than 7 will
indicate an alkaline solution. A solution with pH value of 1 is highly acidic and a solution of
pH value of 14 is highly alkaline.
A pH meter will be made up of a probe, which itself is made up of two electrodes.
This probe passes electrical signals to a meter which displays the reading in pH units. The
glass probe has two electrodes because one is a glass sensor electrode and the other is a
reference electrode. Some pH meters do have two separate probes in which case one would
be the sensor electrode and the other the reference point. Both electrodes are hollow bulbs
containing a potassium chloride solution with a silver chloride wire suspended into it. The
glass sensing electrode has a bulb made up of a very special glass coated with silica and
metal salts. This glass sensing electrode measures the pH as the concentration of hydrogen
ions surrounding the tip of the thin walled glass bulb.
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18. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
3.2.6 Lactometer
Figure 3.9 Lactometer
There are lots of substances which make milk impure and we can check or test that impure
milk through lactometer.
Working of Lactometer:
Lactometer, a cylindrical vessel made by blowing a glass tube. One side of glass tube
looks like a bulb with filled by mercury and another side is thin glass tube. For milk testing
lactometer dipped in milk which we are testing. In lactometer the point up to which it sinks in
the pure milk is marked after that put in water and marked at the point up to which it sinks in
water. It sinks less in milk then water because as we know milk is denser then water. At
lactometer there are to portions i.e. ‘M ‘and ‘W’ which is divided in three parts and marked
as 3, 2 and 1. That indicates the level of the purity in Milk.
Here below advantages of lactometer mentioned by which you have an idea about how a
lactometer gives you advantage-
Advantages of Lactometer
• Everyone can use lactometers easily.
• Lactometers results have maximum accuracy.
• Lactometer requires low maintenance cost.
Lactometers price are minimum that’s why anyone can purchase it. Lactometers are used for
milk purity checker and also a very reliable instrument. It is scientifically observed that the
cases of skimmed milk the lactometer fails to provide correct results if the density of
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19. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
skimmed milk is made equal to pure milk adding water.
Calculation of specific gravity:
Specific gravity of milk can be calculated by the following formula (for all type of
lactometer).
Corrected lactometer reading
Sp.Gr.= --------------------------------------------------------- + 1
1000
Corrected lactometer reading = LR + CF.
Where CF for Queerness lactometer
CF (+) = 0.1 x difference in temperature above 60° F
CF (-) = 0.1 x difference in temperature below 60° F
Table: 3.3 Lactometer Reading (LR) And Specific Gravities Of Different Milk Samples
3.2.7 FAT Measurement Assembly
This Assembly based on the principal of photometric measurement of light scattered
by the milk sample. The light is scattered by the fat globules present in the milk. The amount
of light scattered by the milk sample is a measure of the fat content in the milk. Sensor is a
device that detects the quantities required and provides a corresponding output generally as
electrical or optical signal. A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device
whose resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light
sensitive devices. They are also called as photo conductors or photo resistors. They are made
up of semiconductor materials having high resistance.
Dept. of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering, PVGCOE, NASHIK 19
Source LR (Range) LR (Mean) Sp.Gravities
(Range)
Sp.Gravities
(Mean)
Buffalo 26-29 27.65 1.02-1.02 1.02
Cow 28-34 30.0 1.02-1.03 1.03
Goat 27-30 28.65 1.02-1.03 1.02
Sheep 27-29 28.05 1.02-1.02 1.28

20. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Figure 3.10 Fat Measuring Principle
A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo
conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity reduces when
light is absorbed by the material. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the
electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction
band. When light having enough energy is incident on the device more & more electrons are
excited to the conduction band which results in large number of charge carriers.
The result of this process is more and more current starts flowing and hence it is said
that the resistance of the device has decreased. Thus the change in the resistance of LDR is
indication of the fat content .The circuit is calibrated using standards with sample of known
fat values. For cow’s milk fat must be 3.5 to 4.5 percent and for buffalo’s it is 6-7 percent. If
milk fat does not fall in acceptable ranges then milk sample will be rejected.
Sources %FAT(Average) %FAT(Range) Standard Deviation
(SD)
Buffalo 5.25 4.0-6.5 0.96
Cow 4.76 4.0-5.0 0.41
Goat 4.73 3.9-5.7 0.63
Sheep 8.96 8.0-9.6 0.56
Table 3.4: Percentage Of FAT Of Different Milk Samples
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21. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Key Features:
• Auto zero facility
• Easy to read digital LCD display
• No acid or other chemicals are used.
• Measures up to 10% fatϖ Easy to operate.
• Accepts small sample volume
• Performs 120-150 test per hour
• cheapest method of milk testing
• Low power consumption.
• Fast analysis-Allows a large number ofϖ measurement to be done Simple and light
weight design
• Low cost and less time required.
3.2.8 SNF Measurement:
Milk solids-not-fat (SNF) in serum or solids containing lactose, casein, whey protein,
minerals (ash), vitamins, acids, enzymes and gas milk or dairy products, from which they
were derived. Proteins are essential for their functional contribution emulsi classification, and
aeration of the water capacity/increase in viscosity. Excess lactose, however, can lead to
problems due to excessive temperature freezing or crystallization of the lactose, leading to the
texture defect. Thus, spent fuel sources should be selected to optimize the functionality of the
protein, but restrict the content of lactose.
Table 3.5 : Percentage Of SNF Of Different Milk Samples
Once we got the values of CLR & FAT, easily we can calculate SNF by using following
formula. [2]
Dept. of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering, PVGCOE, NASHIK 21
Sources %SNF(Average) %SNF(Range) Standard Deviation
(SD)
Buffalo 8.79 8.28-9.40 0.32
Cow 9.17 8.43-10.14 0.49
Goat 8.92 8.53-9.47 0.29
Sheep 9.71 9.48-10.01 0.22

22. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
SNF = (CLR reading / 4) + (FAT × 0.21) + 0.36
SNF Calculation formula for milk used in various state:
Table 3.6 SNF Calculation Formula For Milk Used In Various State
Dept. of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering, PVGCOE, NASHIK 22
Sr.
No.
State Formula Remarks
1 Gujarat CLR/4 + 0.21(Fat%) + 0.36 Lactometer calibrated at 21 deg C
2 West Bengal CLR/4 + 0.21(Fat%) + 0.36 Lactometer calibrated at 15.5 deg C
3 Orissa CLR/4 + 0.21(Fat%) + 0.36 Lactometer calibrated at 15.5 deg C
4 WAMUL,
Assam
CLR/4 + 0.20(Fat%) + 0.66 Lactometer calibrated at 29 deg C
5 Maharashtra CLR/4 + 0.21(Fat%) + 0.36 Lactometer calibrated at 21 deg C
6 Goa CLR/4 + 0.21(Fat%) + 0.36 Lactometer calibrated at 21 deg C
7 MP CLR/4 + 0.20(Fat%) + 0.70 Lactometer calibrated at 29 deg C
8 UP CLR/4 + 0.20(Fat%) + 0.29 Lactometer calibrated at 15.5 deg C
9 Punjab CLR/4 + 0.20(Fat%) + 0.29 Lactometer calibrated at 15.5 deg C
10 Haryana CLR/4 + 0.20(Fat%) + 0.29 Lactometer calibrated at 15.5 deg C
11 BIS CLR/4 + 0.25(Fat%) + 0.44 Lactometer calibrated at 27 deg C
12 Tamil Nadu CLR/4 + 0.20(Fat%) + 0.36 Lactometer calibrated at 21 deg C
13 Karnataka CLR/4 + 0.25(Fat%) + 0.35 Lactometer calibrated at 27 deg C
14 A P CLR/4+.21(Fat%)+.36 Lactometer calibrated at 21 deg C
15 Kerala CLR/4 + 0.20(Fat%) + 0.50 Lactometer calibrated at 29 deg C
16 Pataliputra(Bih) CLR/4 + 0.20(Fat%) + 0.14 Lactometer calibrated at 15.5 deg C
17 Rest of Bihar CLR/4 + 0.20(Fat%) + 0.66 Lactometer calibrated at 29 deg C

23. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Traditionally, the best sources of milk SNF for high-quality products were fresh
concentrated dry skim milk or low heat skim milk powder. Others include those that contain
protein, whole milk (e.g. condensed or evaporated skim milk, milk protein concentrates, dry
and condensed buttermilk), containing casein (e.g. sodium Caseinate), or those containing
serum proteins (e.g. dried or condensed whey, whey protein concentrate, whey protein
isolate)
3.3 Software Description
3.3.1 Arduino Software
Figure 3.11 Arduino Symbol
The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to
the board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment is written in Java
and based on Processing and other open-source software. This software can be used with
any Arduino board. The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development
environment (IDE), which is a cross-platform application written in the programming
language Java. It originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It is
designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace
matching, and automatic indentation, and provides simple one-click mechanism to compile
and load programs to an Arduino board. A program written with the IDE for Arduino is
called a "sketch".
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules to organize
code. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library called Wiring from the Wiring project,
which provides many common input and output procedures. A typical Arduino C/C++ sketch
consist of two functions that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an
executable executive program: After compiling and linking with the GNU tool chain, also
included with the IDE distribution, the Arduino IDE employs the program AVR due to
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24. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal coding that is loaded into the
Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.
3.2.2 Proteus design suite:
The Proteus Design Suite is an Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tool including
schematic capture, simulation and PCB Layout modules. It is developed in Yorkshire,
England by Lab center Electronics Ltd with offices in North America and several overseas
sales channels. The Proteus Design Suite is a Windows application for schematic capture,
simulation, and PCB layout design. It can be purchased in many configurations, depending on
the size of designs being produced and the requirements for microcontroller simulation. All
PCB Design products include an auto router and basic mixed mode SPICE simulation
capabilities.
Schematic Capture
Schematic capture in the Proteus Design Suite is used for both the simulation of
designs and as the design phase of a PCB layout project. It is therefore a core component and
is included with all product configurations.
Microcontroller Simulation
The micro-controller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a hex file or a
debug file to the microcontroller part on the schematic. It is then co-simulated along with any
analog and digital electronics connected to it. This enables it's used in a broad spectrum of
project prototyping in areas such as motor control, temperature control and user interface
design. It also finds use in the general hobbyist community and, since no hardware is
required, is convenient to use as training or teaching tool. Support is available for co-
simulation of:
• Microchip TechnologiesPIC10, PIC12, PIC16, PIC18,PIC24,PIC33 Microcontrollers.
• Atmel AVR (and Arduino), 8051 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers
• NXP 8051, ARM7, ARM Cortex-M0 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers.
• Texas Instruments MSP430, PICCOLO DSP and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers.
Parallax Basic Stamp, Free scale HC11, 8086 Microcontrollers.
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25. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Chapter 4
Working And Results
4.1 FAT Measurement:
We are measuring FAT using opto coupler principle in which we take milk sample in
lead box based on the principal of photometric measurement of light scattered by the milk
sample. The light is scattered by the fat globules present in the milk. The amount of light
scattered by the milk sample is a measure of the fat content in the milk. Sensor is a device
that detects the quantities required and provides a corresponding output generally as electrical
or optical signal. A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose
resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. As light scattering by fat
globules changes, the output voltage of LDR changes proportionally & we can get FAT
value. Table 3.4 shows the reference value of FAT, with the help of Arduino the value of
FAT displayed on LCD display.
4.2 CLR Measurement:
For measurement of CLR value we are using manual process and then entering value by
keypad
Steps for milk testing:
• Step 1- Whenever you want to test the milk purity, you just put the instrument or
lactometer in milk.
• Step 2- If it sinks up to the mark ‘M’ which mentioned at lactometer that means milk
is pure or if not that means milk is impure.
• Step 3- If the milk is mixed in water then it would sink higher then marked ‘M’.
• Step4- If it stands at the mark 3 that means milk is 75% pure and respectively 2 for
50% purity and 1 means 25% purity.
Lactometer is basically more suitable or useful in sea warfare where now the days most of
shops and submarines also use it for milk purity test.
4.3 SNF Measurement:
We got the values of CLR & FAT, easily we can calculate SNF by using following formula.
Dept. of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering, PVGCOE, NASHIK 25
This chapter gives a brief idea of operation of our project. The basic steps required to measure
the required quantities of milk and further calculations.

26. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
SNF = (CLR reading / 4) + (FAT × 0.21) + 0.36
With the help of Arduino the value SNF of milk displayed on LCD display.
4.4 Level Measurement:
We use ultrasonic senor for level measurement in which trigger terminal transmit the wave
and echo terminal calculate time require by wave to retain signal then we get level of milk.
With the help of Arduino the level of milk displayed on LCD display.
Calculation for level measurement
15 cm test tube which contain 55 ml milk
1cm level in test tube contain =55ml/15cm= 3.666ml milk
Milk level =distance * 3.66
Hence milk level in test tube in ml = 55- milk level
4.5 ph Measurement:
We are measuring Ph value by using ph sensor. A pH meter will be made up of a probe,
which itself is made up of two electrodes. This probe passes electrical signals to a meter
which displays the reading in pH units with the help of Arduino controller.
4.6 Circuit of project
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27. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Figure 4.1 Circuit of project
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Future Scope
5.1 Conclusion:
With the help of this system we are able to judge quality of milk more accurately, as
well as farmers will get daily updating of record & immediate payment status for the milk
delivered. Also farmers will get the proper benefit according to quality of milk and customer
will get the good quality milk. The elimination of manual registers for all kinds of
information and data storage can be an additional benefit. The milk collection parameters
such as weight, FAT & CLR which are measured by our system give results as same as the
existing more developed systems with a low cost.
5.2 Future Scope:
• Daily updating of payment and milk parameters to customer through GSM can be
done.
• By using automatic system for CLR measurement, we can reduce the time to measure
milk quantity.
• By interfacing milk system with compact thermal printer, we can get billing receipt on
the spot.
Dept. of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering, PVGCOE, NASHIK 27
As we reach towards the end of report, this chapter will include conclusion and future scope
of the project.

28. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
References:
[1] Prof. S.V. Arote, Prof. S.B. Lavhate, Prof. V. S. Phatangare, “Low Cost Milk
Analyzing and Billing System Using Electronic Card”, International Journal of
Computer Technology and Electronics Engineering-Volume 2, Issue 2.Page no
5 to 13.
[2]
Shreya S. Chougule, Mahesh S. Kumbhar,
“
To Develop Data Processing System
For Dairy Automation”, International Journal of Computer Technology and
Electronics Engineering and Science Vol.No.05, May 2016.
[3] Kejal Shah, Rajeshri Kelkar, Amruta Sarda, M .S. Chavan, “Photometric Based
Sensor for Fat Detection in Fresh Milk”, International Journal of Innovative
Research in Computer and Communication Engineering. Vol. 3, Issue 4, April
2015
[4] Prof.A.S.Mali1, Aruna A. Chougale, “Low Budget System for Measurement of
Milk Parameters and Billing for Dairy” SSRG International Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering – Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2015.
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29. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Appendix
A
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30. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Bill of Material
List of components:
Sr.No. Components Quantity Unit cost(INR)
1 ARDUINO UNO 1 450
2 Ultrasonic sensor(SR04) 1 150
3 Ph Sensor 1 950
4 LCD 20*4 1 500
5 Lactometer 1 80
6 LASER Diode 1 55
7 LDR 1 103
8 RFID Module 1 450
9 RFID Tag 1 200
10 USB Cable 1 100
11 Male Female Connector 1 100
12 Lead box 1 10
13 Plastic Container 1 150
14 55ml Glass tube 1 100
Total cost in Rupees 3328/-
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31. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Appendix
B
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32. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Appendix
C
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33. DESIGN OF MILK ANALYSIS EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DAIRY FARMERS
Dept. of Electronics And Telecommunication Engineering, PVGCOE, NASHIK 33