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Distributed Generation Project for Contingency Analysis and Optimal Location of
Distibuted Generation of a Wind Farm with Total Capacity of 45MW
By
1. Kiran Patel(K00368348)
2. Ejike-Ukah Christopher (K00368026)
3. Jignesh Panchal(K00355196)
4. Kshitija V. Joshi (K00369594)
Advisor- Dr. Tarek Masaud
Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation (EEEN-5303)
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Texas A&M University – Kingsville
Submission Date: 12.2.2015

1. Steady State Condition
Figure 1: Simulation under Steady State condition of a 5-bus System
Figure 1 above shows the simulation of IEEE 5 Bus test system with each transmission
line having maximum capacity of 150 MVA under steady state condition using Power World
Simulator. The figure displays the various bus voltages (pu), the percentage line loading and
the active and reactive power generated at the slack/ reference bus. Figure 2 and Figure 3 below
describes the Model Explorer information of the 5 Bus system above which displays the system
information (Voltages, Load, generated P and Q). Figure 3 displays the Model explorer for the
various line loading percentage states.

Figure 2: Model Explorer showing System Information Under steady state condition
Figure 3: Line Loading Percentage under Steady state Condition

2. Contingency Cases
Contingency cases are unforeseen emergency conditions in power systems that often
lead to system outage. These cases have to be analyzed, and optimum solutions have to
be made in order to provide system reliability whenever these conditions occur. For this
report, optimal placing of distributed generation (DG) will be analyzed to clear the
contingency cases involved. The DG is a small group of wind turbines with a total
capacity of 45MW utilizing DFIG. The following are contingency cases:
A. Contingency Case 1: Outage of Transmission Line 1-2
After simulating this Contingency case on Power World Simulator, the software
provided 5 violations, and the violations are as follows:
1) 128% line overloading of transmission line 1-5
2) Voltage level of Load bus2- 0.78pu< 0.95pu
This contingency case is described in Figure 4 below. Case 1 was caused by an
outage in Transmission line 1-2, which diverted all the power transmission to
Line 1-5 in order to supply the load demand at buses 2, 3, 4, and 5. This stress
on the transmission structure caused an overloading percentage of 128% on
transmission Line 1-5, and caused a considerable voltage drop below the
permissible value (0.95 pu) for the voltage values on buses 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Figure 4: Contingency Case 1- Outage of Transmission Line 1-2

The Report for the contingency case 1 can be seen below;
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
PowerWorld Simulator 18 Educational, Optimal
Power Flow (OPF), Security Constrained OPF (SCOPF), OPF Reserves,
Available Transfer Capability (ATC), PV and QV Curves (PVQV),
Transient Stability, Geomagnetically Induced Current
Contingency Analysis
Name of Base Case: Outage of Transmission Line 1-2
Report printed at: 11/30/2015 9:48:11 PM
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
Case Description and Summary
Description:
No description provided.
Characteristics:
Number of buses: 5
Number of gens: 1
Number of loads: 4
Number of switched shunts: 0
Number of AC lines/xfmrs: 6
Number of DC lines: 0
Number of areas: 1
Number of zones: 1
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
Base-Case Branch Outages
None.
Base-Case Generator Outages
None.
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
Bus Voltage Extremes
Bus Bus Lowest Due To Highest
Due To
Name Number Voltage Contingency Voltage
Contingency
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------
Slack bus1 1 0.0000 none 0.0000
none
load bus2 2 0.7772 Outage of Transmission L 0.0000
none
none
none
none

*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
Branch Flow Extremes
From To Ckt Max % Due To
Bus Bus ID Flow Contingency
----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------
Slack bus1 load bus2 1 0.000 none
Slack bus1 load bus5 1 132.976 Outage of Transmission L
load bus2 load bus3 1 0.000 none
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
CONTINGENCY Outage of Transmission Line 1-2
ELEMENTS:
OPEN Line 1 (Slack bus1) TO 2 (load bus2) CKT 1 | |
CHECK | 0.000000 |
APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS:
Applied:
OPEN Line Slack bus1_138.0 (1) TO load bus2_138.0 (2)
CKT 1 | | CHECK | | Opened flow of 74.73 MVA | ELEMENT
NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 5)
BRANCH: 1
BUS VOLTAGE: 4
INTERFACE: 0
LOAD ISLANDED: NONE
GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE
BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS:
1 (Slack bus1) TO 5 (load bus5) CKT 1 MVA: 199.5
LIMIT: 150.0 %: 133.0 Base Case Value: 92.5
BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS:
None.
BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:
2 (load bus2) LOW V VOLT: 0.7772 LIMIT: 0.9000
Base Case Value: 0.9964
BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:
None.
INTERFACE VIOLATIONS:
None.

Solution to Contingency Case 1
Resolving Contingency Case 1 can be achieved by optimally placing the DG at a location that
will improve the system reliability. In order to obtain the optimal location the following criteria
must be observed:
1) Placing the DG on any Bus must clear all the violations on the contingency
case1.
2) Better bus voltage values on all the other buses above 0.95pu
3) Lowest Line loading in the transmission network
4) Obtaining the DG operating power factor between 0.90pu<pf<0.95
We will be analyzing the various locations for the DG that will meet the above criteria.
Placing the DG on Load bus 3: this can be shown on figure 5 below
 Placing the DG on load bus 3 clears all 5 violations for contingency case 1, thereby
meeting criteria 1.
 This meets the voltage value criterion 2 on all buses above 0.95pu.
 This has a total of 168% on all the transmission lines without overloading any
transmission line.
 The DG placed on this Bus 3 has on operating factor of 0.8983 which does not meet the
fourth criterion for DG operating Power Factor.
Figure 5: Scenario for Placing DG at Load Bus 3 after Contingency Case 1

Placing the DG on load bus 4: the simulation of this scenario is shown on Figure 6 below
 Placing the DG on Load bus 4 clears the 5 violations for contingency case 1
 Does not meet criterion 2 because all the individual voltage values are not above
0.95pu, load bus 2 & 3 have 0.92pu and 0.94pu respectively.
 This scenario has total percentage line loading of 186% on all the transmission lines
with a high line loading of 80% on line 1-5 as seen in figure 6 below.
 The Operating Factor of the DG in this scenario is 0.9283, which meets criterion 4.
Placing DG on load bus 5: The simulation of this scenario can be seen in figure 7. According
the 4 criteria above, we will analyze this scenario:
 This clears the 5 violations for the contingency case 1
 This scenario does not meet criterion 2 because the voltages on Load bus 2 and 3 are
0.91pu and 0.93pu respectively.
 This scenario has a total line loading of 208% on the entire transmission network, with
an 81% line loading on line 1-5.
 The operating Power factor of the DG is 0.7724, which does not meet Criterion 4.

Placing the DG on Load bus 2: Figure 8 shows the simulation of this scenario.
 This scenario clears all the 5 violations for the contingency case 1.
 Placing the DG on this bus, provides better voltage values >0.95pu on all the other
buses, therefore meeting the requirements of criterion 2.
 This has a total percentage Line loading of 137% on the entire transmission network,
which is the lowest line loading for the network compared to other scenarios.
 The operating DG power factor in this scenario is 0.9422, and this meets criterion 4.

Figure 8: Scenario for Placing DG at Load Bus 2 after Contingency Case 1 (OPTIMUM
LOCATION)
Conclusively, Placing the DG at load bus 2 meets all the criteria for optimal location of
the DG in this 5-bus system to resolve contingency case 1 which involves the outage of
transmission line 1-2. Therefore, Load bus 2 is the optimal location for placing the Distributed
generation of a wind farm of 45MW (Variable speed Wind turbine utilizing DFIG).
B. Contingency Case 2: Bus 4 MW demand has been increased to 110MW
After simulating this Contingency case on Power World Simulator, the software
provided 2 violations, and the violations are as follows:
1) 108% line overloading of transmission line 1-5
2) Voltage level on load bus 4 is 0.87pu which is below the permissible
voltage value above 0.95pu.
This contingency case 2 is described in Figure 9. Due to the low resistance and
reactance of the transmission line 1-5 compared to that of transmission line 1-2,
and the fact that transmission line 1-5 has to primarily supply the load demand at
load bus 5, 4 and 3, there is an overload of 104% - 108% of transmission line 1-
5, and there is a poor voltage value of 0.87pu at load bus 4 when the MW
demand at load bus 4 is increased to 110MW.

Figure 9: Contingency case 2-Bus 4 MW demand has been increased to 110MW

The contingency analysis report from the Power world Simulator software is as follows;
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
PowerWorld Simulator 18 Educational, Optimal
Power Flow (OPF), Security Constrained OPF (SCOPF), OPF Reserves,
Available Transfer Capability (ATC), PV and QV Curves (PVQV),
Transient Stability, Geomagnetically Induced Current
Contingency Analysis
Name of Base Case: Bus 4 MW demand has been increased to
110MW
Report printed at: 11/30/2015 10:58:06 PM
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
Case Description and Summary
Description:
No description provided.
Characteristics:
Number of buses: 5
Number of gens: 1
Number of loads: 4
Number of switched shunts: 0
Number of AC lines/xfmrs: 6
Number of DC lines: 0
Number of areas: 1
Number of zones: 1
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
Base-Case Branch Outages
None.
Base-Case Generator Outages
None.
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
Bus Voltage Extremes
Bus Bus Lowest Due To Highest
Due To
Name Number Voltage Contingency Voltage
Contingency
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------
Slack bus1 1 0.0000 none 0.0000
none
load bus2 2 0.0000 none 0.0000
none
load bus3 3 0.0000 none 0.0000
none
load bus4 4 0.8732 Bus 4 MW demand has been 0.0000
none

load bus5 5 0.0000 none 0.0000
none
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
Branch Flow Extremes
From To Ckt Max % Due To
Bus Bus ID Flow Contingency
----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------
Slack bus1 load bus2 1 0.000 none
Slack bus1 load bus5 1 108.228 Bus 4 MW demand has been
*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*----*---
-*
CONTINGENCY Bus 4 MW demand has been increased to 110MW
ELEMENTS:
SET LOAD AT BUS 4 (load bus4) TO 110 MW | | CHECK |
0.000000 |
APPLIED AND SKIPPED ELEMENTS:
Applied:
SET LOAD AT BUS load bus4_138.0 (4) TO 110 MW | | CHECK
| | Bus changed from 30.00MW and 5.00Mvar by 80.00MW and
0.00Mvar | ELEMENT
NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS BY CATEGORY (Total = 2)
BRANCH: 1
BUS VOLTAGE: 1
INTERFACE: 0
LOAD ISLANDED: NONE
GENERATION ISLANDED: NONE
BRANCH MVA VIOLATIONS:
1 (Slack bus1) TO 5 (load bus5) CKT 1 MVA: 162.3
LIMIT: 150.0 %: 108.2 Base Case Value: 92.5
BRANCH AMP VIOLATIONS:
None.
BUS LOW VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:
BUS HIGH VOLTAGE VIOLATIONS:
None.
INTERFACE VIOLATIONS:
None.

Solution to Contingency Case 2
Resolving Contingency Case 2 can be achieved by optimally placing the DG at a location that
will improve the system reliability. In order to obtain the optimal location the following criteria
must be observed:
1) Placing the DG on any Bus must clear all the violations on the contingency
case1.
2) Better bus voltage values on all the other buses above 0.95pu
3) Lowest Line loading in the transmission network
4) Obtaining the DG operating power factor between 0.90pu<pf<0.95
We will be analyzing the various locations for the DG that will meet the above criteria.
 This scenario clears the 2 violations for contingency case 2.
 The voltage value for load bus 4 is 0.91pu which is below the permissible limit
>0.95pu. This does not meet the requirements for criteria 2.
 This scenario has a total line loading of 284% of the entire transmission network with
91% line loading of line 1-5.
 The operating Power factor of the DG in this scenario is 0.9212, which meets criteria 4.

 This scenario clears the 2 violations for contingency case 2
 The voltage at bus 4 is 0.94pu which is below the permissible voltage value >0.95pu.
This does not meet the requirements of the 2nd criterion.
 This scenario has a total line loading of 250% on the entire transmission network.
 The DG has an operation power factor of 0.8659, which does not meet the requirement
of criterion 4.
Figure 11: Scenario for Placing DG at load Bus 3 after Contingency Case 2
Placing the DG on Load bus 4: this can be shown on figure 12
 This scenario clears the 2 violations for contingency case 2 and this meets the
requirements for criterion 1.
 This scenario meets the requirements for criterion 2 because all bus voltage values are
above 0.95pu.
 Total line loading of 226% of the entire transmission network. In comparison to other
scenarios, this has the lowest line loading.
 The DG operating power factor for this scenario is 0.9138, and this meets the
requirements for criterion 4.

Figure 12: Scenario for Placing DG at load Bus 4 after Contingency Case 2 (OPTIMUM
LOCATION)
Placing the DG on Load bus 5: this can be shown on figure 13
 This scenario clears the 2 violations for contingency case 2 which meets criterion 1
requirements.
 Load bus 4 has a voltage value of 0.93pu which violates the requirements for criterion
2.
 This scenario has an entire line loading of 273% for the entire transmission network.
 The DG in this scenario has an operating power factor of 0.8321, which does not meet
the power factor requirements for criterion 4.

Conclusively, placing the DG at Load bus 4 meets all the criteria for optimal location of the DG
(PV bus) to solve the contingency case 2. Therefore, Load bus 4 is the optimal location for
placing the DG in this 5-bus system configuration.
3. Conclusion
After various Simulation analysis, we were able to come up with four basic criteria in
this report for the optimal location of the DG (as a PV bus) to clear the given
contingency cases, and ensure a reliable power system.

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