Common Vices of Animals, Detection and their Prevention and Care

Training Institute For Technical Instruction(TITI)
Sanothimi- Bhaktapur, Nepal
EDLS207-LivestockProduction(Ruminant)
Krishna Aryal
Msc.Ag
Tribhuvan University
Nepal

Common Vices of
Animals, Detection and
their Prevention and Care

Vices are the abnormal/ undesirable quality or bad habits shown
by animal
The degree of this undesirablity may vary considerably
Some vices are dangerous while some are injurious either to
owner or to the animal or to both.

Eye rolling
Licking
Sucking
Intersuckling by calves
Intersuckling by adults
Wool pulling and wool eating
Stealing young/lamb stealing
Tongue rolling
Head rubbing
Kicking
Sucking and eating solid objects
Some common vices

Prevention
Allow free movement/ take out from the stall

Prevention
Provision of salt
Avoid early weaning
Provide adequate food

Health and factors
affecting Health of
Ruminant

Health is a state of well being and
not merely the absence of disease
Any condition than normal is called
disease

Factors affecting health of ruminants
Stockmanship
Stockmanship is the skill of managing
livestock.
Part of managing livestock is ensuring
their health and safety.
In order to ensure health and safety, you
must understand the factors which
contribute to diseases of livestock.

Physical Factors
Cannot be controlled in a field, but
controllable inside an animal facility (barn,
laboratory).
Examples:
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Ventilation
Lighting
Noise

Physical Factors: Temperature
Animals can tolerate extreme temperatures, but will impact
health and productivity if exposed for an extended period of
time.
 Stressed animal will become more susceptible to disease
Normal Body Temperatures of Domestic Animals & Humans
Animals
Temperature °C Temperature °F
Average Range Average Range
Dairy Cow 38.6 38.0 - 39.3 101.48 100.4 - 102.74
Beef Cow 38.3 36.7 - 39.1 100.94 98.06 - 102.38
Pig 39.2 38.7- 39.8 102.56 101.66 - 103.64
Sheep 39.1 38.3 - 39.9 102.38 100.94 -103.82
Goat 38.7 - 40.7 101.66 - 105.26
Horse 37.9 37.2- 38.2 100.22 98.96 - 100.76
Chicken 41.7 40.6 - 43.0 107.06 105.08 - 109.4
Human 37 98.6
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Physical Factors: Humidity
Humidity
Too low humidity
irritation of mucous membrane
Too high humidity
promote growth of fungus infections.
40% to 80% relatively humidity is ideal

Physical Factors: Radiation
Solar radiation affects heat load on the animal in
addition affecting the unpigmented skin some
breeds have.
Radiation can be reduced through the use of
shaded areas.
Note: shaded areas must be large enough to not
inhibit heat loss through other means

Physical Factors: Air Movement
Air movement assists in heat loss through
evaporation and conduction/convention.
Air temperature should be lower than skin
temperature.
Air movement is necessary to supply fresh air and
remove noxious air.
Wind velocity of 0.2m/s is the minimum

Physical Factors: Precipitation
Rain can penetrate the fur and decrease insulation
value.
Rain and wind can result in excessive cooling
A naturally greasy hair coat will resist water
penetration.
Shelter is the best method of preventing this
problem

Microbiological Environment
Animals in good condition, well fed and watered will
resist disease well.
Pens, particularly those for calving and farrowing,
should be constructed in easily cleaned and disinfected
materials.
Avoid corners and recesses where manure and dirt
can accumulate

Animal holding facilities should be cleaned and
disinfected periodically.
Clean and disinfect pens before transferring animals
between pens.
“All-in, all-out” policy
Empty, clean, and disinfect between batches of
animals.

Nutrition
Poor nutrition can contribute to poor health
of the animal.
Examples:
Vitamin A deficiency
Milk Fever
Low blood calcium, hypocalcemia

Other Environmental Factors
Acoustical factors (sound) – keep sound
levels low, avoid sudden noises.
Soft radio music in a milking parlor has
been shown to have a soothing effect on
cows

General Sign of Illness
The animal not eating as much as usual – this is usually the first
sign you will notice
 It may also drink more or less water than normal, depending on
the illness.
An animal standing by itself away from the herd
 The animal not getting up and walking to the feed bunk - A
very sick animal will lie down for long periods and will not get
up when approached.
 Animal limping or dragging a leg
 Discharge from eyes, nose, or vaginal area
 There may be abnormal lumps

The eyes may be dull and the mucous membranes may have
changed colour.
 Deep red membranes indicate fever; pale membranes show
anaemia; yellow membranes indicate a liver disorder, while blue-
red membranes show heart and circulatory problems, or
pneumonia.
 Animal making unusual noise (bellowing, grunting)
 Animal acting uncomfortable, getting up and down
 The animal might be sweating. A cold sweat indicates pain
while a hot sweat indicates fever.
 If the animal is in pain it will probably be restless (getting up
and down and pacing about), and it may even be groaning
Diarrhoea

 Animal not defecating or with very little stool
 Animal urinating a lot, or not as much as usual
Marked weight loss or gain
 The coat will look dull and dry, and the hairs may stand up.
There may the presence of open sores, dandruff, or the loss of
hair or fur from the body
 Behavioural signs - Recognise any significant differences in
the behaviour of an animal such as increases in viciousness,
lethargy or any other abnormal signs such as excessive head
shaking, scratching, licking or biting of certain parts of the body
The vital signs of a sick animal will change.

The temperature may go up or down. A rise in temperature of
one or two degrees usually indicates pain, while a rise of more
usually indicates infection.
The rate of respiration, and the way the animal breathes could
also slow changes. With pain or infection, breathing becomes
more rapid. In a very sick animal, breathing can be laboured and
shallow.
A slightly increased pulse rate suggests pain, while a rapid
pulse suggests fever. An irregular pulse can indicate heart
trouble. In a very sick animal, the pulse is weak and feeble.
A sick animal may also possess foul breath or excessive tarter
deposits on the teeth

Thank You
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Common Vices of Animals, Detection and their Prevention and Care

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