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Barrier Performance of Nanocellulose-Nanoclay composite
- 1. 22nd to 26th September 2019, 20th International Union of Materials Research Societies International Conference in Asia, Perth Convention and Exhibition Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. BARRIER PERFORMANCE OF SPRAY COATED CELLULOSE NANOFIBER – MONTMORILLONITE (MMT) COMPOSITES Kirubanandan Shanmugam, Maisha Maliha, Gil Garnier, Warren Batchelor. Department of Chemical Engineering, Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Monash University, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia.
- 2. INTRODUCTION Isogai et al. Nanoscale,2011,3, 71-85 2
- 3. APPLICATIONS OF NANOCELLULOSE Packaging1 Oil and water separation2 Photo catalyst3 Gels for Biomedical Applications5 Nanocellulose based composites6 Nanocomposites as High Performance Barrier7 Membrane4 1. K.Shanmugam et al, Cellulose, 2017,24, 7, 2669–2676. 2. Z. he et al, RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 21435-21438 5. Mendoza et al, J Colloid Interface Sci. 2018 1;509:39-46. 7. U.M. Garusinghe et al, Colloids and Surfaces A,540, 2018,233-241. 3. U.M. Garusinghe et al, Scientific Reports, 8, 2306 (2018) 4. V. Swambabu et al , Chemical Engineering Journal 265(1) 2015. 3
- 5. OVERVIEW OF BARRIER MATERIALS Aulin and Lindström, Biopolymer Coatings for Paper and Paperboard, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011, pp. 255-276 5
- 6. Nanocellulose – Potential Barrier • Bio degradable • Non toxic • Extreme High Surface Area • Crystallinity • Tuneable surface for functionalization Martin Hubbe et al, Nano cellulose in Packaging: A Review, Bio Resources 12(1), 2143-2233. 6
- 7. EFFECT OF INORGANICS ADDITION Müller, Kerstin (2017). Nanomaterials. 7. 47. 10.3390/nano7040074.U.M. Garusinghe et al, Colloids and Surfaces A,540, 2018,233-241. 7
- 8. NC COMPOSITE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES 1. Casting and Solvent evaporation 2. Vacuum filtration Filtration Separation Drying Processing time – 30 mins – 24 hrs Drying time -10 mins 8 Processing and Drying time – 72 hrs Laboratory scale
- 9. 9 SPRAY COATING 3. Spray coating followed by Vacuum filtration Processing time – 10 – 27 mins Water removal by vacuum Spraying on Fabric surface Beneventi, D., Zeno, E., & Chaussy, D. (2015)
- 10. 10 Spray system Multiple NC film Impermeable Surface Nanocellulose FLEXIBLE SPRAY COATING PROCESS PeelingSpraying
- 11. PREPARATION OF NANOCOMPOSITE VIA SPRAYING Nano clay Solution and Nanocellulose Preparation Nanocellulose Nano clay – Nanocellulose (Raw Diacel KY 100S) Composites Nano clay – Nanocellulose (Homogenised 2 passes) Composites Without Homogenization With Homogenization Disintegrator Spray Coating NC- Closite Na++ (MMT) Suspension 2 Pass ˜ 800-1000 Bar 11
- 12. SPRAY COATED NANOCOMPOSITE Closite Na++ ( Natural Bentonite MMT)- Nanocellulose Nanocomposite 12
- 13. SEM MICROGRAPHS Spray Coated NC film (Homo) Spray Coated 30 % MMT –NC (Homo) Composites Spray Coated 30 % MMT –NC (unhomo) CompositesSpray Coated NC film (unhomo) 13
- 14. 14 SEM MICROGRAPHS Homogenized (Rough) Homogenized (Smooth) PureNanocellulose30%MMT-nanocellulose composite
- 15. 15 Homogenized PureNanocellulose30%MMT-nanocellulosecomposite CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW OF SPRAY COATED HOMOGENIZED COMPOSITE AND PURE NC FILM.
- 16. Air Permeance of Composites Air Permanence Composites < 0.003 µm/Pa.S 16 • Highly impermeable • Good Barrier against Air.
- 17. EFFECT OF NANO CLAY ADDITION ON WVP 17 R² = 0.8283 R² = 0.9988 R² = 0.9975 R² = 0.9772 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Watervaporpermeabilityx10-11(g/Pa.s.m) Nanoclay Loading (%) Unhomogenized Composite -Spray coating Unhomogenized composite via Vaccum Filtration Homogenized composite via Vaccum Filtration Homogenized composite via spray coating
- 18. Comparison with WVP of Synthetic Polymers Barrier Polymers Water Transmission Rate (g/m2 day) Average Thickness of the film (µm) Water Vapour Permeability (g/m.s.Pa) x 10-11 Spray Coated Composite (20 wt.% MMT) 12.5±0.4 80.2±1.8 0.83 Vacuum Filtered composite (23 wt.% MMT) 10.1 63.7 0.57 Polyethylene (PE) 16.8 18.3 0.1 Plasticized (PVC) 118.6 12.7 0.49 Aluminium Foil 2.4 18.3 0.014 LDPE 18 25 0.088 HDPE 9 25 0.044 PS 109 to 155 25 0.53 - 0.75 PP 6 25 0.029 18
- 19. CONCLUSION • Spraying, a rapid process to produce high performance composites • Flexible process to engineer the composite • Low air permeance and water vapour permeability of composites • WVP of composites comparable with synthetic plastics 19
- 20. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT • Prof. Warren Batchelor and Prof. Gil Garnier, • Mr. Scot Sharman, • Student friends and Staff members at BioPRIA, Monash University. 20
- 21. Thank you very much
Editor's Notes
- Good Afternoon everyone, Thanks for attending my presentation on developing nanocellulose based composite via spray coating for barrier applications. Thanks XXX for introducing me to Audience , I am working on the research topic on nanocellulose film and its materials and developing these materials using spray coating, an alternative for vacuum filtration. composites as high performance barrier I would like to summeraize my research work duering my in this presentation
- Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on the earth. Wood fibers are composed of 40–45% cellulose, which is produced in nature via photosynthesis and ubiquitously used in the everyday life.56 The cell wall of natural wood bers has a 3 dimensional (3D) hierarchical structure designed for the metabolic ion transportation and to possess mechanical stability, The microbril bundles are composed of microbril cellulose (MFC) and nanobril cellulose (NFC). MFC is delaminated from wood pulp through mechanical treatments before and/or aer enzymatic or chemical pretreatment, which has a diameter of 5– 60 nm with a length of several micrometers. It has specific characteristics to make many functional sustainable materials Due to its biodegradability, it has good alternative for synthetic polymers It has potential of recyclable It is non –toxic material Due to its biocompatibility, it can be used as base substrate for development of tissue engineering scaffolds It is eco –friendly material
- Recently various applications have been developed from nanocellulose. The composites from nanocellulose is the interesting material and can be good alterative for synthetic plastics. The main functionality is barrier and packaging material.
- Cellulose based products such as paper and boards are good packaging materials however it is poor barrier properties due to its wide pores Its barrier performance enhanced by coating with wax or laminated with aluminium or plastics , however these coating and extrusion is not recyclable and not biodegradable The challenge is to develop recyclable and sustainable packaging materials
- This graph concludes nanocellulose has good oxygen barrier and poor water vapour due to its hydrophilicity Due to high polarity of nanocellulose, water vapour affects the fibre –fibre bonds. Also this material characteristic weakens the original strong bonds holding the dry 2D structure, decreasing water permeability and deteriorating material stability Talk about the limitations of nanocellulose in water vapour barrier properties The water vapour permeability of nanocellulose should be improved and to bring to synthetic polymer range.
- Nanocellulose is potential barrier material and its minute pores in the web like structure delays and decrease the transfer of water vapour and air The reduction of fibres leaded to reduction of pore size and resulting better barrier properties.
- Effect of Inorganics Addition in the nanocellulose: In the design of sustainable packaging material , controlling water vapour transmission rate is more critical to extend the shelf life of moisture sentitive foods. To enhance the barrier properties of nanocellulose sheets, inorganic nanomaterials are introducted to the fibre matrix result the formation of nanocomposites . Recently, Uthpala developed nanocomposite with montmorillonite (MMT) and nanocellulose via vaccum filtration and confirmed low water vapour permeabilyt and oxygen transfer rate. The mechnisism of low permeance of water vapour and air is creatiin of tortuous path when MMT arranged orthogonally in fibre matrix and results low op and wvp.
- There are few methods available for nanocellulose films for various functionality. Casting of the nanocellulose suspension is the most common technique at laboratory scale and it requires longest drying time for evaporation of solvent in the suspension. Vacuum filtration is the most method for making the films. It requires processing time from 10 mins to 4 hours in the nanocellulose film and in the case of nanocomposite, it requires 24 hrs s for dewatering in the filtration process
- 3. Spray coating is recently reported to replace the filtration process , however after coating , the same filtration is used to removed the excess water formed sheet and it required time which is not reported in the literature. Therefore, these methods have problem in prepration of nanocellulose film in rapid manner , it requires alternative process for rapid fabrication nanocellulose film
- In this chapter, Full fledged spray process is described and The variables are suspension concentration and effect of velocity on the process and modified configuration. The physical properties and mechanical properties of NC film via spray coating and vacuum filtration investigated The uniformity of the film evaluated via formation test and commented. I would like to brief the process parameters/variables In experimental series 1, the spray jet angle was 50° and the spray width was 30 cm at a spray distance and pressure of 200 bar, respectively. Suspension concentration was kept constant at 1.5 wt.% and conveyor speed was varied from 0.25 cm/s to 0.59 cm/s. 30sec time was allowed for pressure spray system to reach steady state. (Shanmugam et al., 2017) In experimental series 2, the spray system setup was similar to series 1; however, the conveyor speed was kept constant at 0.32cm/s and suspension concentration was varied from 1 wt.% to 2 wt.%. In experimental up series 3, the conveyor system was changed, as was spray nozzle to attain a jet angle of 30° and beam width of 22.5cm at a spray distance of 50.0±1.0 cm and 100 bar pressure. The conveyor speed was kept constant at 1.05 cm/s and suspension concentration varied from 1.5 wt. % to 2.5 wt. %. After spraying, each film was dried on its plate for 24 to 48 hours at ambient conditions, and subsequently removed from the plate and stored at 230C and 50% RH before testing.
- I have attempted to prepared the nanocellulose composite via spray coating. Nanoclay is added with respect to fibre content in suspension and disintegrated at 15000 revoultions and sprayed on the stainless steel at a specified conditions. I have performed experiments with two catagories With homoginization of fibres Without homoginization of Diacel MFC
- I have prepared the nanocomposite with three typers of nanoclay Closite Na Closite Ca Closite 116 I have focused only Closite Na and prepared the nanocomposite with homoginzed nanocellulose witj claosie Na++ The nanocellulose –montmorillonite (MMT) compsites were preared via spraying and engineered its barrier performace by varying the MMT loading ( from 5 to 75% of nanoclay into the nanocellulose suspension) All composites are flexible and foldable. For example The composites prepared from clostie Na yellowshed as the MMT conten increased Similarly The composites preared from clostie Ca reddished as the MMT content increased
- The figure shows the SEM micrograph on the of the original composite and composite with high-pressure homogenization with different magnification. The aggregation of MMT as clumps was observed in the interior of the original composites and MMT was aggregated and concentrate on the edges of one part of the original nanocomposites. The average diameter of nanocellulose fibrils before high-pressure homogenization is 70nm with a wide distribution of fibre diameter, a mean length of fibre around 8µm and an average aspect ratio of 142 ± 28 before homogenization. The size of MMT ( nano clay) particles varied from 300 to 1000 nm in length. In original composities, MMT platelets were not intercalated between nanocellulose fibrils due to its large aspect ratio. As a consequence, the spray coated original composites retains an exfoliated structure where MMT platelets are concentred and aggregated on a portion of the composite and not uniformly separated within the cross-section of the composites. In the case of composites with high-pressure homogenization step, MMT platelets are well distributed in the interior nanocomposites and MMT platelets were intercalated uniformly in between the cellulose nanofibrils. The SEM micrographs reveal the MMT platelets equally entangled between cellulose nanofibrils. The average diameter of nanocellulose after high-pressure homogenization is xxx , aspect ratio of homogenized nanocellulose is Due to the reduction of nanocellulose fibres via high-pressure homogenization, cellulose nanofibrils are easily penetrated into MMT platelets layers resulting nanocomposite with an intercalated structure.
- Figure S-1 in supplementary information shows the SEM micrograph of rough side and smooth side of 30 wt. % NC –MMT homogenized composite and pure homogenized NC film. The surface of the composite shows scattered MMT in the NC network. After homogenization of NC suspension with MMT, the diameter is reduced and the MMT is dispersed in the NC network. This forms a good compact fibrous network resulting in less porous films. Figure S-2 in supplementary information shows the cross-sectional view of SEM micrographs on composites indicating the MMT particles with the cellulose nanofibrils of the fibrous matrix. It is confirmed with XRD analysis of the composites.
- Figure S-2 in supplementary information shows the cross-sectional view of SEM micrographs on composites indicating the MMT particles with the cellulose nanofibrils of the fibrous matrix.
- The air permeance of the composiste is less than 0..003 micorns/pass sc
- Water vapour permeability (WVP) for spray coated nanocomposites with different addition of MMT is shown in Figure 2. The performance of WVP of nanocomposite prepared by spraying technique is compared with the data of composites made via vacuum filtration [11]. The error bars indicate the 95 % confidence interval of three composites film for each group. For sprayed composites, the WVP of the unhomogenized composite with 5 wt.% MMT loading is 1.18±0.05 x 10-11 g/Pa.s.m which is less than half the value of 2.5±0.12 × 10 -11 g/Pa.s.m for the pure NC films. Beyond this loading, WVP increases to 3.3±0.07 × 10 -11 g/Pa.s.m at 30 wt. % MMT loading. On the other hand, with additional high-pressure homogenization of NC suspension prior to spraying, the films obtained show a decrease in WVP up to 20 wt. %, after which a slight rise in the WVP is observed. The WVP results can be explained because the MMT particles aggregates are broken down by homogenization increasing the tortuous pathway for the permeance of water vapour resulting in an overall reduction in WVP. However, the WVP of both types of composites show higher WVP when produced by spraying, compared with similar films by vacuum filtration [11].
- This table compares the WVP of the spray coated composite with synthetic polymers.
- I would like to thank my supervisor for guiding this work successfully.