THIS IS THE BASIC OF HEART DISEASE FOR BEGINNER. FOR MORE DETAIL IN THE TOPIC PLEASE CONTACT ME ksotang@gmail.com

1. HEART DISEASE
KIRAN RAI
Cardiovascular Technologist

2. Heart Disease
According to WHO :
Heart disease or Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a
group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels.

3. THE HEART
The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps
blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.
The heart is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of
the chest

4. BLOOD
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary
substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic
waste products away from those same cells.

5. What is leading cause of Human
Death worldwide !

6. According to
WHO (World
Health
Organization)
heart disease
is the leading
cause of death
in the world.

9. THE HEART DISEASE
HEART DISEASE
IHD CHD
VALVULAR
HEART DISEASE CARDIOMYOPATHY
ARRHYTHMIA

10. HEART DISEASE
IHD CHD
VALVULAR
HEART DISEASE CARDIOMYOPATHY ARRHYTHMIA
IHD/CAD
HEART
ATTACK
Coronary arteries
It supply blood to the heart
muscle.
Like all other tissues in the
body, the heart muscle needs
oxygen-rich blood to
function, and oxygen-
depleted blood must be
carried away.

11. Coronary artery disease (CAD)
IHD
Heart Attack (MI)
• The coronary arteries, which
supply the heart with
nutrients, oxygen and blood.
• Coronary arteries become
diseased or damaged, usually
because of plaque deposits
(cholesterol-containing
deposits). Plaque accumulation
narrows the coronary arteries
and the heart gets less oxygen.
• It is the most leading cause of
death in both men and
women.

12. Symptoms
1. Chest pain (angina). Pressure,
tightness, pain, or a squeezing or aching
sensation in your chest or arms that may
spread to your neck, jaw or back
2. Shortness of breath.
3. Nausea, indigestion, heartburn
or abdominal pain
4. Cold sweat
5. Fatigue
6. Lightheadedness or sudden
dizziness
Sometimes a heart attack occurs
without any apparent signs or
symptoms.

13. Causes
1. Atherosclerosis Coronary artery
disease is thought to begin with damage or
injury to the inner layer of a coronary artery.
2. Smoking
3. High blood pressure
4. High cholesterol
5. Diabetes or insulin resistance.
6. Sedentary lifestyle

14. Risk factors
Age. Simply getting older increases your risk of damaged and narrowed
arteries.
Sex. Men are generally at greater risk of coronary artery disease. However,
the risk for women increases after menopause.
Family history. A family history of heart disease is associated with a
higher risk of coronary
artery disease, especially if a close relative developed heart disease at an
early age. Your risk is highest if your father or a brother was diagnosed
with heart disease before age 55 or if your mother or a sister developed it
before age 65.
Smoking. People who smoke have a significantly increased risk of heart
disease. Exposing others to your secondhand smoke also increases their
risk of coronary artery disease.
High blood pressure. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can result in
hardening and thickening of your arteries, narrowing the channel through
which blood can flow.
High blood cholesterol levels. High levels of cholesterol in your
blood can increase the risk of formation of plaques and atherosclerosis.
High cholesterol can be caused by a high level of low-density lipoprotein
(LDL), known as the "bad" cholesterol. A low level of high-density
lipoprotein (HDL), known as the "good" cholesterol, can be a sign of
atherosclerosis.
Diabetes. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery
disease. Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease share similar risk
factors, such as obesity and high blood pressure.
Overweight or obesity. Excess weight typically worsens other risk
factors.
Physical inactivity. Lack of exercise also is associated with coronary
artery disease and some of its risk factors, as well.
High stress. Unrelieved stress in your life may damage your arteries as
well as worsen other risk factors for coronary artery disease.

15. Diagnosis
• Electrocardiogram (ECG).
• Echocardiogram.
• Stress test.
• Blood test (cardiac markers )
• Cardiac catheterization or angiogram.
• Heart scan. CT coronary angiogram

16. Treatment of CAD
Drugs
• Cholesterol-modifying medications.
• Aspirin.
• Beta blockers.
• Nitroglycerin.
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II
receptor blockers (ARBs).
ACUTE MI OR HEART ATTACK
• Thrombolysis

17. Procedures to restore and improve blood flow
1. PCI (Percutaneous Coronary
Intervention )
PTCA (Percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty ) with Coronary artery Stent
Angioplasty and stent placement
(percutaneous coronary revascularization).

18. 2. Open-heart surgery
Coronary artery bypass
surgery.
Graft to bypass blocked
coronary arteries using a vessel
from another part of body or
synthetic graft.
This allows blood to flow around
the blocked or narrowed
coronary artery.
Because this requires open-heart
surgery, it's most often reserved
for cases of multiple narrowed
coronary arteries.

19. HEART DISEASE
IHD CHD
VALVULAR
HEART DISEASE CARDIOMYOPATHY
ARRHYTHMIA
Congenital
heart disease
Congenital heart disease
It is a birth defect of heart .

20. Cyanotic:
Ebstein's anomaly
Hypoplastic left heart
Pulmonary atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Transposition of the great vessels
Tricuspid atresia
Truncus arteriosus
Non-cyanotic:
Aortic stenosis
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Atrioventricular canal (endocardial cushion defect)
Coarctation of the aorta
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Pulmonic stenosis
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

21. ASD VSD
PDA
CoA
EBSTIENT TOF AV CANAL TGA

22. Clinical features
In some cases, the symptoms of a congenital
heart defect may not appears any clinical
features .
Newborns with heart defects may experience:
• bluish lips, skin, fingers, and toes
• breathlessness or trouble breathing
• feeding difficulties
• low birth weight
• chest pain
• delayed growth

23. Congenital Heart Disease Treatment
1. Implantable Heart
Devices
2. Catheter
Procedures
(balloon
angioplasty )
3. Open-Heart
Surgery
4. Heart Transplant

24. ASD
DEVICE
CLOSURE
• Implantable Heart Devices
PDA DEVICE
CLOSURE

25. HEART DISEASE
IHD CHD
VALVULAR
HEART DISEASE CARDIOMYOPATHY
ARRHYTHMIA
Disease of the valve
Valvular Heart Disease
Valvular heart disease is characterized by damage
to or a defect in one of the four heart valves:
1. MITRAL VALVE
2. AORTIC VALVE
3. TRICUSPID VALVE
4. PULMONARY VALVE.

26. Symptoms
1. Shortness of breath and wheezing after limited physical exertion
2. Swelling of the feet, ankles, hands or abdomen (edema). Other
symptoms include:
• Palpitations, chest pain (may be mild).
• Fatigue.
• Dizziness or fainting (with aortic stenosis).
• Fever (with bacterial endocarditis).
• Rapid weight gain.
Many of the symptoms are similar to those congestive heart failure

27. Diagnosis
1. Electrocardiogram
(ECG)
2. Echocardiogram
3. Chest X-rays.
4. Cardiac
catheterization
5. Stress testing

28. Treatment
• A course of
antibiotics.
• Antithrombotic
(clot-preventing)
• Balloon dilatation.
• Valve Surgery to
repair or replace

29. HEART DISEASE
IHD CHD
VALVULAR
HEART DISEASE CARDIOMYOPATHY
ARRHYTHMIA
DILATED HYPERTROPY RESTRICTIVE CONSTRICTIVE
Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that
affect the heart muscle
Sign and symptom :Fainting, Dizziness,
Edema.
Diagnosis: Physical exam ,Family history,
blood test, ECG, ECHO, Stress test, Genetic
testing
Treatment : Drugs , Device implant,
Septostomy, Heart Transplant

30. HEART DISEASE
IHD CHD
VALVULAR
HEART DISEASE CARDIOMYOPATHY
ARRHYTHMIA
Conduction system
Problem
Heart arrhythmia, also known as irregular heartbeat or
cardiac dysrhythmia, is a group of conditions where the
heartbeat is irregular, too slow, or too fast
Diagnosis : ECG AND HOLTER MONITORING
TREATMENT :
•Drug therapy.
•Pacemaker.
•Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).
•Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Pacemaker
(CRT).

32. Thanks