This document discusses phonetics and provides information on various phonetic concepts. It begins by defining phonetics as the study of speech sounds, their production and acoustic qualities. It then covers topics like the phonetic alphabet, articulatory phonetics which focuses on how sounds are produced, different consonant and vowel classifications, and prosodic features of speech. The document provides detailed explanations, examples, and diagrams to illustrate phonetic concepts.

1. PHONETICS
Prepared by Juan Miguel Alcantara
SED 101

2. -”Phonetics is the study of speech sounds
and their physiological production and
their acoustic qualities” (Ladefoged,
2019).
-branch of linguistic that studies the
sounds of speech and how they are
produced, combined, described, and
interpreted through written symbols
(ThoughtCo, 2019).
WHAT IS PHONETICS?

3. -Phonetics deal with the study of
linguistic sounds.
-Phones are the speech sound. They are
represented with symbols depending
upon pronunciation.
-Phonology is the study of how these
sounds are systematically arranged to
distinguish the words from each other.
PHONETICS, PHONES, AND PHONOLOGY

4. 1. The sound system is the basis for the
spelling system.
2. To teach English pronunciation to
students who are not native speakers of
English.
3. They may have to teach poetry which
requires them to teach poetic devices
that manipulate sounds ( rhyme,
alliteration, assonance, etc.)
WHY DO FUTURE EDUCATORS NEED TO STUDY
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY?

5. 4. To understand different varieties of
language and accents.
5. Provides a corrective because we tend
to “hear” the sounds of our language
through its spelling system.
6. Provides systematic and well-founded
understandings of the sound patterns of
English.
WHY DO FUTURE EDUCATORS NEED TO STUDY
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY?

6. THREE BRANCHES
OF PHONETICS

7. -focuses on the
physical properties of
the sounds in
language.
ACOUSTIC PHONETICS

8. -focuses on how
listeners
perceive the
sounds of
language.
AUDITORY PHONETICS

9. -focuses on how the
vocal tract produces
the sounds of the
language.
ARTICULATORY PHONETICS

10. THE PHONETIC
ALPHABET

11. -International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
-was developed in the 1888
-consists of 20 vowels and 24 consonants
-provides a unique symbol for each
distinctive sound in a language.
WHAT IS THE PHONETIC ALPHABET?

13. -if we want to indicate that a letter is
interpreted as a phonetic symbol, we
enclose them in a square brackets [ ]
-if we want to indicate that a letter is
interpreted as letters from an ordinary
spelling system, we enclosed them in an
angled brackets < >
WHAT IS THE PHONETIC ALPHABET?

14. -Diacritics are marks that
are added to basic letters
to identify their distinction
in pronunciations
THE PHONETIC ALPHABET

16. -The orthography
(spelling) does not
consistently represent
the sounds of a
language.
WHY IS PHONETIC ALPHABET INVENTED?

17. 1. The same sound may be represented by
a combination of two or more letters.
People Key
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ORTHOGRAPHY

18. 2. The same letter may represent a variety of
sounds.
Father Badly Many
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ORTHOGRAPHY

19. 3. A combination of letters may represent a
single sound.
Church Sheet Thanks
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ORTHOGRAPHY

20. 4. A single letter may represent a
combination of sounds.
Xerox
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ORTHOGRAPHY

21. 5. Some letters in a word may not be pronounced
at all.
Psychology Corps Knot
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ORTHOGRAPHY

22. 6. There may be no letter to represent a sound
that occurs in a word
Cute Use
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN ORTHOGRAPHY

23. ARTICULATORY
PHONETICS

24. -It is the study of how
our vocal organs work
to modify the airflow
from our lungs.
ARTICULATORY PHONETICS

25. -to produce a sound, air must flow from the lungs
through the vocal tract.
-the vocal tract includes the vocal folds (vocal
cords)
-air goes through the nose (nasal cavity), and the
mouth (oral cavity).
ARTICULATORY PHONETICS

26. -Glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.
-Larynx is also known as the “voice box”
-Pharynx is the tubular part above the larynx
-Nasal Cavity is the nose
-Oral Cavity is the mouth
ARTICULATORY PHONETICS

28. - <p, b, t, d, m, n, f, v, s, z, l, r, h, etc.>
- Produced by almost completely
stopping the airstream coming from
the lungs.
CONSONANTS

29. -voicing
-manner of articulation
-place of articulation
CLASSIFICATION IN PRONOUNCING CONSONANTS

30. -Voiced sounds are made when the
vocal folds are together, thus creating
vibrations as air passes.
-Voiceless sounds are produced
when there are little to no vibrations
in the vocal folds.
VOICING

31. VOICED SOUNDS VOICELESS SOUNDS
By [b] Pie [p]
Die [d] Tie [t]
The [ð] voiced dental fricative Thigh [θ] voiceless dental fricative
My [m]
Nigh [n]
Vie [v] Fie [f]
Zip [z] Sip [s]
Lie [l]
Rye [r]

32. PLACE AND MANNER
OF ARTICULATION

34. -where is the restriction of airflow is
made.
-an automatic speech recognition that
depends on the anatomy of the body
on where is the airflow restricted.
PLACE OF ARTICULATION

35. -Bilabial
-Labiodental
-Interdental
-Alveolar
-(Alveo-)Palatal
-Velar
-Glottal
PLACES OF ARTICULATION

36. -the airflow is restricted on the lips.
-the lips are pressed together to restrict airflow.
-[p] [b] [m]
Pie By My
PLACE OF ARTICULATION: BILABIAL

37. -the air is restricted by touching the bottom
of the lip to the upper teeth.
-[f] [v]
Feel Ravel
PLACE OF ARTICULATION: LABIODENTAL

38. -the air is restricted by placing the tip of the
tongue between upper and lower teeth.
-[θ] [ð]
Thigh Thy
PLACE OF ARTICULATION: INTERDENTAL

39. -the air is restricted by raising
the tongue to the alveolar ridge.
However, there are different
place of articulation for
alveolar.
-[t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
PLACE OF ARTICULATION:ALVEOLAR

40. -[t] [d] [n]
-the air is restricted by placing the tip of the
tongue on the alveolar ridge.
Tub Dub Knit
PLACE OF ARTICULATION: ALVEOLAR

41. -[s] [z]
-sound is made through the sides of the front
of the tongue but lowering the tip to let air
escape.
Sip Zip
PLACE OF ARTICULATION: ALVEOLAR

42. -[l]
-sound is made through the side of the mouth
by while the tip of the tongue is raised but the
rest is lowered.
-the sound is called lateral sound.
Lie
PLACE OF ARTICULATION: ALVEOLAR

43. -[r]
-the tip of the tongue is curled back behind the
alveolar ridge, or the top of the tongue is bunched
up behind the alveolar ridge.
-the sound is called central sound.
Rip
PLACE OF ARTICULATION: ALVEOLAR

44. -sound is restricted by raising
the front part of the tongue to
the hard palate.
-[ʃ] [ʒ] [ʧ] [ʤ] [ʝ]
Sure Genre
Chin Gin
PLACE OF ARTICULATION: (ALVEO-) PALATALS

45. -air is restricted by bringing
back the top of the tongue to
the velum (soft palate).
-[k] [g] [ŋ]
Could Tug
Tongue
PLACE OF ARTICULATION: VELAR

46. -air is restricted by narrowing
the vocal folds to create a
fricative or closing the glottis to
create a stop.
-[h] [Ɂ]
Hat Butter
PLACE OF ARTICULATION: GLOTTAL

47. -defines how the restriction of airflow
is made.
-A complete stoppage of air or only a
partial blockage.
MANNER OF ARTICULATION

48. -Oral sounds are sounds that
are produced with the velum
raised to prevent air from
escaping out the nose.
-Nasal sounds are sounds
that are produced with the
velum lowered to allow air to
escape from the nose.
ORAL AND NASAL SOUNDS

49. -Plosive
-Fricative
-Affricate
-Nasal
-Approximants
-Tap and Flap
-Clicks
TYPES OF MANNER OF ARTICULATION

50. -also known as stops.
-the airflow is stopped for a short
amount of time and released quickly.
-the period of blockage is called
closure.
-the explosion of air after the closure
is called release.
-[p] [b] [m] [t] [d] [n] [k] [g] [ŋ] [ʧ] [ʤ]
[Ɂ]
-Pat Bat
MANNER OF ARTICULATION: PLOSIVES

51. -air flow is released gradually.
-airflow is constricted, but not cut off
properly.
-produces little friction sound (hissing
sound) in the mouth.
-[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [x] [ɣ] [h]
-Fun Sun
MANNER OF ARTICULATION: FRICATIVES

52. -the airflow is stopped and released
gradually.
-a combination of stop and fricative.
-produced with a full stoppage of air
followed by an immediate restriction
of air.
-[ʧ] [ʤ]
-Choose Just
MANNER OF ARTICULATION: AFFRICATE

53. -air flow is channeled through the
nasal cavity.
-air is allowed to the nose by
lowering the velum (soft palate).
-[n] [m] [ŋ]
-Mat Clingy
MANNER OF ARTICULATION: NASAL

54. -two articulators are close together but not close
enough to cause turbulent airflow
-articulators approximate a frictional closeness,
but do not actually cause a friction.
-[w] [j] [r] [l]
APPROXIMANTS: CENTRAL, LATERAL, GLIDES

55. -Central approximants let air flows
along the center of the tongue. [r]
-Rock
-Lateral approximants let air flows on
the sides of the tongue. [l]
-Lack
-Glide approximants produce little
obstruction of the airstream and always
followed with a vowel. [j] [w]
-Yellow Wood
APPROXIMANTS: CENTRAL, LATERAL, GLIDES

56. -Taps are produced by rapidly vibrating an articulator. [r]
-Grrrr
-Flaps are produced by a flick of the tongue to let air escape.
-Flop
MANNER OF ARTICULATION: TAP AND FLAP

57. -produced by moving air in the mouth between
various articulators
-air is moved from one articulator to another,
so on and so forth.
-Tsk
MANNER OF ARTICULATION: CLICKS

58. -<a, e, i, o, u>
-produced with a smooth, unobstructed
airflow through the oral tract.
-Vowel qualities are determined by
height of the tongue in the mouth,
part of the tongue raised,
configuration of lips, and tension of
muscles of the oral tract.
VOWELS

59. -classified by how high or low the
tongue is on the mouth.
-classified into three: high, mid, and
low.
-High vowels: [i] [ɪ] [u] [ʊ]
-Mid vowels: [e] [ɛ] [o] [ə] [ʌ] [ɔ]
-Low vowels: [æ] [a]
VOWELS: TONGUE OF HEIGHT

60. -Front vowels meant that the
tongue is in the front of the mouth.
-[i] [ɪ] [e] [ɛ] [æ]
-Central vowels meant that the
tongue is in the center of the mouth.
-[ə] [ʌ]
-Back vowels meant that the
tongue is further back in the mouth.
-[u] [ɔ] [o] [æ] [a]
VOWELS: FRONT, CENTRAL, BACK VOWELS

62. TONGUE AND PLACEMENT OF TONGUE

63. -Rounded vowels are vowels that
are made by rounding the lips.
-Unrounded vowels (neutral or
spread) are vowels that makes the
lip in its natural form.
VOWELS: CONFIGURATION OF LIPS

64. -Tense vowels are produced
with greater tension in the
tongue.
-Lax vowels are produced
with less tongue tension.
VOWELS: TENSE AND LAX

65. -Monophthongs are
pronounced with a
single sound from
beginning to end.
-Diphthongs are
pronounced with a
glide of combination of
vowel from beginning
to end.
MONOPHTHONGS AND DIPHTHONGS

67. MAJOR PHONETIC
CLASSES

68. -Non-continuants
-Continuants
-Obstruents
-Sonorants
-Syllabic Sounds
-Consonantals
MAJOR PHONETIC CLASSES

69. -Non-continuants mean that the air stream is
blocked off in the oral cavity.
(Stops and Affricates.)
-Continuants mean that the air flow is
continuously released from the oral cavity.
(All other consonants and vowels).
-Obstruents mean that the air stream has little
to full obstruction.
(Non-nasal stops, fricatives, and affricates)
MAJOR PHONETIC CLASSES

70. -Sonorants mean that the air resonates in the
oral and nasal cavity.
(Vowels, Nasal stops, Approximants, and Glides).
-Syllabic Sounds mean that the sound can
function as the core of the syllable.
(Vowels, Approximants, and Nasals)
-Consonantals mean that there is some
restriction of airflow during articulations.
(All consonantals except glides).
MAJOR PHONETIC CLASSES

71. -Labials are articulated with the lips.
[p][b][m][f][v][w][ʍ]
-Coronals are articulated by raising
the tongue blade.
[θ][ð][t][d][n][s][z][ʃ][ʒ][ʧ][ʤ][l][r]
-Anteriors are articulated in the front
part of the mouth (from the alveolar
area forward).
[p][b][m][f][v][θ][ð][t][d][n][s][z]
-Sibilants are articulated with a lot of
friction that causes hissing sounds.
[s][z][ʃ][ʒ][ʧ][ʤ]
MAJOR PHONETIC CLASSES: CONSONANTALS

72. PROSODIC/
SUPRASEGMENTAL
FEATURES

73. -Length of a consonant or vowel can change the
meaning of the word. As an example, the
Japanese language.
Biru [biru] “building” Biiru [biːru] “beer”
-Stress gives emphasize to a sound in a word. It
usually has a higher pitch.
REcord (noun) reCORD (verb)
PROSODIC FEATURES

74. -Tone languages use pitch to contrast the
meaning of words. As an example, the Thai
language.
TONE AND INTONATION

76. -Intonation languages have different pitches on
a sentence to determine its meaning. However,
the pitch is not used to determine a word.
“She is here” when said in a falling intonation
indicates a statement
“She is here” when said in a rising intonation
indicates a question.
TONE AND INTONATION

77. 4 Phonetics and Phonology key concepts. (n.d.).
https://wac.colostate.edu/docs/books/sound/chapter4.pdf
Admin. (2021, May 10). Monophthongs - Examples of 12 Pure Vowel
Sounds - EnglishBix. EnglishBix.
https://www.englishbix.com/monophthongs-pure-vowels-examples/
Fall, O. (2009). Phonetics and Phonology. Http://People.umass.edu/.
http://people.umass.edu/moiry/phonology.pdf
https://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom. (2019). What Is
Phonetics? ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/phonetics-
definition-1691622
REFERENCES

78. International Phonetic Alphabet | Definition, Uses, & Chart | Britannica.
(2021). In Encyclopædia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Phonetic-Alphabet
Ladefoged, P. (2019). Phonetics | linguistics | Britannica. In Encyclopædia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/phonetics
Ladefoged, P., & Johnson, K. (2011). A course in phonetics.
Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.
Pearson Education, Inc. (2007, September 19). Phonetics.
Cs.columbia.edu. http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~julia/courses/CS6998-
2019/%5B07%5D%20Phonetics.pdf
REFERENCES

79. Phonetics, Phonology, and Phonics. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2021,
from http://www.csun.edu/~sk36711/WWW2/engl302/phon.pdf
Szczegielniak, A. (n.d.). Phonetics: The Sounds of Language Introduction
to Linguistic Theory.
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/adam/files/phonetics.ppt.pdf
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