1. 1U 1110.:,J "'''" l b "1
1 u n,I /.J h ld , c r.h,·h lrl n111, h e ,,r,l._t thll he h1u l 1lw ru1 11i:, ◄ tunh,~ t :,
i •11 ,
:1
, ,,uni •., ,.-at "' -" ~• irplcd.. nuJ ~h~ ' ' ,n 111:, 1o.
·r lhi: i,,:uutc. ngou u I Anili,go ,n.b .11.u-.1 "' •• • uJ} t
..-fl-;,, ~ht poi 1hc .:o rnr)ut.er vn Ll'IC lubll:. ,, h ,,.,11 hc.r ..,,,tc.r hm.l b-u.1gt'il." l
[ .t 1.11e I"-111t lh.•.1.1 ;u, .mttt!'d-em rir<"r n., :.ingllnr .u, d lh-.!n IL; phuul := ,,;./
., .. '.
~
1d /"fv: {fu.ird l c-mr,any " nfm w.lnr eo.1I U1tlll:lr (unuu.:.:~ ln..k·a.d offud tl1
( ii) I In.· duh hue ,J,1nc;- t heir hc-.1 ht rn1..;c thg H1Ut1c.
1y .
l . ~,,uc Cnn;-truc-llon~: '"•t •
f i) I he 'N,,..nu111 ~tnn,•d M , 1d,H1
'ily hll lhc ,tumps,
(ii) lfw,.• hud lhc rim4:., ,,c ~ould md.i! ,um-.: •·h,,r,1 ,.• • •r .,1
___ _ _ __.,;_;:_:::::._:: .. _,,..ir-:. I ~ RnlC.I 0
3 (a ). B.ad confl·ructioa - •
(i) 11lis is the book 10 which I wus rettrring lt.:-,
(ii) 'I he nuthor l!i,e.< 1he ""'51 ideo o l'lhc 11roblcm thun ony other I h:"e read.
(bJ. Mi.EIUI"<' " ' rr,:urc,s or•p•r • h
e.g., ~11.stScs In nir c1unc tumhllng tlnwn lniu n houamh:ss hcnp.
4t'1(f.nr..:~s 1ihfni~ fmm one JtOinl ufview nnother will dcstn1y cuhen!ncc in :a Cntcncc:. fhb
cnn he due 10 o needless shifi from
(al Aclive to passive
(b) From singulnr to pluml
(cJ From pMI tense to pn:scnL
f o.- f.K:amplt-
1i) I lo: mu lo th<: srn1io11 nnd the 1roin wn~ rukcn 1
,y hi~n. {Acth•c to pa.-i,c)
(ii) Jfom: tries hard. lhC) can nccompli~h 11111ch. {Si111;111ar 10 plurnl)
(iii) The onlywurds rhat we ~ nhlc tu distinguish arc ·horse· ar.d ·can'.
(P11s1l<l prescnl)
Pn1cticc -':
The following sentences lad: c11l1crc11cc. Try ln 1rn1
kc thcm belier.
I. Susan and her sister both saw the Ii1
111. bul she was di~uppointcd.
-
2. Jwrote and asked my uncle to let me knuw about the books tb soon :is he can.
J. He 100 k an oath ro ncn:r. no m:1ttcr what happened. rc,eal the secrets ofthe organization.
.J. Shit is u~old (fnot older than Ilcnry.
'i We havl: and will aLt:iin tall,. IO him nboul hb plan~.
.. .
-
2. u:
111,c
c h,
.n 1r~ anJ ha- 1
ni:;. lini, 1
1,,.'-1
. , ,,,rkc:d ...ac.atJil~ Jl tlu.· ,cwing 111:.tc hillL' hr
-.;h1.'. h.t Ill e' . . .
'' . .... ""'''"' · sk ,n1 down 11cur1ly 1n lhc urmch;i,r.
:-i,adunf'., 11
Ill. Ernnh:1~~
J 1
,0 ,_ftiofl: '-' A=-·
( +I •
, , /uat,•tl u ,r/J /Ju 111111r, , Wt' 11'c'r1• told.
(,) /kr '"" -
~" ,
, I II /,,· cal/,•,/u lior, 111 ull111·11/w h,lir
y (Weak)
oil ) (}II ' "
1 ------
...
1
fl ,b·n'}i1
s,•d to s,_,._., hi111. for so111e 1111k11own r'-'(l.fJII
(/11/ S IL' ii • --..
(
b) Ortlcrof Cfimax: e.g. rre11s11rctr and ,·i,
{Jurill,!! t,i.•• /rmg .m,y ll'itlt t!te c/11h he sen•ud as presidt'llf. sccr etnry.
pre.,·itknt.
(•·) f{cpctition e.g.
')'fh . do" " as his onlv friend. his only companion, his only contidant. und his only heir.
I ~ ~ . .___ --:-- • - - .
iQ Tfie)' bdieve tba1 most ofus believe they arc lazy.
(i) I have never seen any1hing like it in my life. (Natural Order)
Pnicticc 5:
fhe following sentences can be m11de more emphatic.
1. He testified 111111 he had passed college. middle: school. nnd high schoolexaminations.
2. We were informed by the doctor tbat the: young girl had been told of her mother's deal
him.
3. Go away, if you don't like it here:.
1
J. His mother is onc person he can conlidc in.
5. My sister is happy in her new house. on the other h:ind.
6. It is a worthy cause. I think.
In today's lesson we considered the general ele1m:nt:; - unit~ coherence and emphasis
make for e/Tcctiveness in se111cnccs. We shall continue ,~ilh senuence construction in 1
·
few lessons
3. t /1 ( 11·uu,~ tll,• >,:10 ,•,•,·J,• ,. 1,1A.hrJ,! tlt1· c_•Jnl I
' • ,.,.,, '' ' . .,•l,111 ,/ uud tu J;•,•d 1/w 1/u,_• ,n, Iii ,i,1,/ 1,nA.i.
N l I J f I L",J,;l f,,,, l 1111cl, I hod rlli 111,,d,· , '
, 111, o ,uJ 1,,11,,,,,0
.,v,J rE :(/J If 1, 11/r,•,, 11,·c. ,·s.w1r,,· 1,, ,·t'/1--•,u n ·. ,
/ c/ 11...,/1/011 ,., r,tl,c,· w,>rrl, lri r,rdt"t ,,, 11h1k,·
1u1r11ll,·IIM1t c!,·,11· t'.g. FrJr l unch / hurl
'-'" t.1pph_• /JI<' (uuJ l•ttm.mo.
(lmpnn'1::t!J Fur luucl, I hnd a 11 nr>,.1/ . •
I I t: J)U! llllr/ t'I ! 1C1t1WIU
{1) c,,rrelnrb•es (r:itht:tr•..or I not on/· I· ·
· ...a MJ) s/u:mh/ be 1,.rnd 0 11/,• 'ill: pa,·alld elemcnls.
11'.• n u/ only /1/i...Js 1c 1111i
.,,; bu, al.
W
J gtJ/f ·
I/111pro 11
~c/J
/ A
,, 110 1,,,,~,· likt•s te1111is hut of..ro JJ.o/f.
You musl bc:ir in mind lh:11 fuultv purnll 1·. . .
-- · e ism 1
s w1., rS1.:- lhtm no parnlkh,m al nl. You :,.l,oud use
pnrullcfism freely in your scni..:nces b ·I .
· Ul s 1uuld resist n1l 1cmptntio n to force into parani.:1 struclure:
cfnuses which arc nol parallel in thought,
P,iictlu J:
The following semences contain errors in par"II 1· c ll
0 e ism. orrcct 1c errors.
I. Swimming and to go fishing are my favourite spons
2. / borh w,tnl. exerc ise and to be amuscd.
J. He o11ercd either lo pay for it now or tomorrow.
4. Not only were 1hey disappointed hut also angry.
5. As we were unfumili11r "ith the route and because of apr,ronching darkness, we decided to nsk
for advice.
6. The boy's face was streaked with i.lirt and his feet muddy.
II. Coherence: So far we have looked at how the unity of sentences is destroyed. Now we shall
turn to the second element. coherence, which helps to create an effective sentence. / sentence
hns coherence when the various purls follow one: another in an order which makes 1hci1
relationship clear.
Correct handling ofmatters of unity. parallelism and subordination ;:ontributcs to coherence.
When working for coherence there are 4 pitfalls which must be avoided at all costs. These ;
weak, general or ambiguous reference of pronouns. ~,:>lit constructions, use of mi:
constructions and mixed figures of speech and needless shifting from one point of vie'-'
anot her - all these destroy coherence in a sentence.
1. Reference of Pronouns: e.g.
4. rlw • ,,1u11r,
11.N,·wlmi.: hu ,l,u~ "''" '/Jtlfh-'r 1Jw1 m,n·nm,:. ,'lumling ,11 rlw c1
•4.rntl~t.l htH M'1fl tJi.: mornmJ,:
IIIIju-'1 l,gJ11i11J! up 1J,,.. top.~oftht• htJ,th /wilding.,· mu/ makiui:! the s/..,•r:py•.f!.h.'tl pc'Oftlt! sJuul" tJ,,,,,.
c::.,-es. mfltfc., t.1 gr,:at uupre.t..,ion on me.
(iii) F2ilurr ro compk,u, D
JJ idea or a i,ammatital construction: Such scn1ences arc the rcsuh
<'fcarcle»llcss on lhc pnrt o r1hc "ri1cr ho 1hinks 111111 lhc render will nol objccl 10 lillin~ in 1hc
gaps ;11 1h,· 1houg!,1 e.g. •
fhis j( such a hca,y chair.
I wns so pleased nbou1 1he lcucr.
1 1 The news is 100 wondcrfuI.
All lhese expressions can be improved by addin_g n clause or subs1i1uting another word for ~uch.
so and 100. e.g.
LIThis is such a heavy choir lhot it is not easy to carry.
1 I was so pleased about lhc letter 1ha1 I mn 10 tell my mother.
The news is 100 Onderfol 10 be believed./ The news c, indccJ wonderful.
Some c.:l11uses express i:omplctc thvughts und others do no1. Tho~c 1hn1 express complete thoughts
nr<" indcpcndenl or m11in clauses. other, ore culled dependent or subordinate cluu:.cs. Now if u
sentence coniains not o ne single thought but a complete thought containing n number of
constituent though1s, then you have 10 decide which of the several ideas is the main idea nnd
which ideas are subordinate and then so construct the sentence that the subordinate thoughts will
g ive emphasis to the main thought.
When you place the principal or muin 1hough1 in II suhordinutc position unity of the sentence is
destroyed.
(Faulty) The.fielder in t/11! sl1p.1
·dropp,:d tlw thil'll mtch. ll'hc!/1 the match ll'as definitely Inst.
(Improved) Wlw11 theflelda in the ..-li11,,·dmp1ied thl' third catch tllC' match wa.~ dejirritctly /mt.
Thefielder in the slips dropped the third catch. ,..J,m the 111atd1 11'(1S definitely lost (Faulty)
Consider these statements:
He 1rns horn ofpoorparems He wc,.f obli!(ed I<> ll'nrk his way tlwougl, college.
He graduated ll'ith ho11or.f at the heads ofhis c/as.1.
Two ofthese statements may be subordinated to the third.
,//though he 11r1s born ,ifpoor parents and was oh/i~ed 10 ,mrk his way through collej!C. he
5. ' riling: Effc<"lil' S cn h!nc:-es: llnity. C nhercm·e, Anti Ernolms i~
f,'"f1C..•crh•4,.• ~cul~nct•,
1 rh,:rc.· .in· a
h,c~ clcm."nts lut:h maJ...c for cffccthcness in ~cmcncc:-.: unity. c-uhcn:n~c .111J
4,.•111pl11,, 1, .
, B~ unit~ " '-" rncan lhat c,·cr~ r,:.,rt of o ~ n,cni:c/compo$1tH'n mu!!il c-o ntribuh: h.
" om: nmin
unil) 111g lhnui,:ht.
, D) ,·ohcrcn~r C mc~n lhul the vnriou, pun~ or n sentence/compos i1ion mu,t folln" nm:
nnollk'r in n n urdcr "hich mnkcs Iheir rdai ion~hip ckur.
;. H) cmphnsis we mcon 1h011hc 1
11ust imrmnnm runs oCa s<ntcncc/composition must he so
plnccd tlut nttcnlion i~direcrcd Inward rhcrn rulhcr thnn roward lc~s imponunt pnn:1.
I. lJnlh •: / !!OOd scnrcnce sho uld hove unity. 1hn1 is. ;1 must cxprcs.~ one m:iin idc:t. , hhough u
scnlcnc:e m.,y contain more rhun one foci. nil 1he facts must rcl111e 10 the main idea. E.g. t!IC'
111nrlels u't're n/1 tlrl.'s.w
HI i11 th/! lutewft1
shiom aud many ,,ff/,('m tin! 1111,:mployi!d. This sentence
docs not ha,·c unity. The first clause tells us about the n1odcr, clothing. e.g . ,1,,. modi!ls were all
tk c.l',,·ed i11 tho /rJ1,:j/f a,f'1iom 011d mw ,y r/lthem wv 1
111c111ploy,:d While the second one mentions
unemployment; the two different ideas don't belong to one :motb.:r in one scru~ncc. They should
be stared in two separntc sentences. T hi~ ~cnlencc is a sample o r :i sentence that locks unity.
Unity is violated in five ways:
(i) By combining unn:lated idcos
(ii) Putting too man~ ideas I details in a single sentence.
(iii) l~
oilure to complc rc an idea or grnmr11111icul construc1inn
(iv) Subordinnlion
(v) Parulleli.~m
(i) Combining unrel:atct.l ideas e.g. 77w .w11dL•llf,
1
• 1111/,(• m llegr 11•1! a grl'at deu/ ofab11sil'c
language and they arefrom all part.
1ufthe c:01111/1)'.
(ii)Too many ideas or detaib put in II sinJ!le sentence distract the reader from the muin thought
of the sentence e.g. Re11di11g /11,1 dai(1·111'11w
pap,•r thal 111omi11g. ,1m1di11g <
ti the crom letl bus stop.
1
/u: 11111rni11!( .w11/ 11.ft /igh1i11~ "I' 1
/w '"fl.I' o.fll"' hif!h b111/dings and ma/ci11g rhe#,·epy-cy,·tl veo(lh'
.l'hade 1lteiret·t's. madt' a weal i111prl!ssio11 011 mr.
. .
EXAMPLES
;: 711
1
, siud,·m.1(I/ the calle,:I! 11,(e a great deal ofC1b11sfre hmf!IIO?,e and they an· from allJ>Grts11(
