research paper

1. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol.2, No.1, May 2020
Ozone Layer Depletion and Its Effects
Ramesha Rehman1
, Khadija Tahira2
, Muhammad Abdullah3
, Hamza Rifaqut4
,
Muhammad Burhan5
ramesharehman@lgu.edu.pk1
, khadija.tahira2001@gmail.com2
, m.abdul.ehsan@gmail.com3
,
hamza.rafaqut123@gmail.com4
BSCS, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore DHA Phase 6
Sector C 54000, Pakistan
GLOBAL iOZONE iDEPLETION: iCAUSES, iEFFECTS iAND
PREVENTIVE iMEASURES
ABSTRACT:
iGlobal iozone
idepletion ihas ibeen icontinuing ifor iquite
ia ilong itime. iIt iis ideteriorating ieach
iyear iand ihas ibecome ia idanger ifor ithe
iworldwide icondition iand iatmosphere.
iThe iworld iis iconfronting ia igenuine
iencounter ias ithe ioutflows iof
ichlorofluorocarbons, ihalons, iand iother
idangerous igases iare icausing iozone
igaps ito ishow iup iin ithe istratospheric
iozone ilayer. iAs ia iresult, ithe
icentralization iof inegative ibright
iradiation iis iexpanding iat iground ilevel
iand irisking ipeople, iharvests, iand
ibiological isystems. iThis iexamination
ifeatures ithe isignificance iof ithe
istratospheric iozone ilayer iand iuncovers
ia ibrief idiagram iof iworldwide iozone
iconsumption. iThe icircumstances iand
iresults iof iworldwide iozone iexhaustion
ihave ibeen ienlightened iin ithis ipaper.
iLikewise, ithe iwellsprings iof iozone
idraining isubstances iand ithe isystem iof
iozone iconsumption ihave ibeen italked
iabout iquickly. iThis iexamination
iadditionally ipresents isome idefensive
imeasures ifor iforestalling ifurther
iconsumption iof ithe iozone ilayer.
KEYWORDS
iChlorofluorocarbons, iHalons, iHydrofluorocarbons, iHydrochlorofluorocarbons, iOzone
idepletion, iOzone ihole, iUltraviolet iradiation.
INTRODUCTION
The iearth iis ishielded ifrom iunnecessary ibright ibeams iby ian iair iozone ilayer.
iEarthbound ilife icouldn't iendure iexcept iif ithe idefensive iozone ilayer iwas iframed iaround

2. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol.2, No.1, May 2020
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i430 imillion iyears iprior i(Knoll i1992, iGray iand iShear i1992). iSchoenlein iinitially
iidentified ithe ienvironmental iozone ishield iin ithe ieighteenth iCentury i(NRC i1992). iThe
iozone ishield iis isituated iin ithe istratosphere iand icomprises iof iresponsive iozone iin
imoderately ihigh ifocus. i90% iof ibarometrical iozone iis ipacked iin ithe istratosphere,
isomewhere iin ithe irange iof i15 iand i35 ikm iover ithe ioutside iof ithe iearth, iwith ia
ipinnacle ifixation iat i25 ikm. iNotwithstanding, ithe icentralization iof istratospheric iozone
iisn't isteady.
I
It ichanges iwith iseasons, isun icycle, iwind, ifurthermore iwith igeological iareas.
iEnvironmental iobservation iduring ithe imost irecent itwo idecades ihas iprompted ia ifew
iworries iabout ithe iexhaustion iof ithe istratospheric iozone ilayer iwhich iis iviewed ias ithe
imost igenuine inatural iissue iconfronting ithe ipresent ireality. iTwo iAmerican iresearchers,
iMolina, iand iRowland i(1974) ifirst ispeculated iozone iexhaustion. iThey iwere iworried
iabout ithe ieffect iof ichlorofluorocarbons i(CFCs) ion ithe iozone ilayer. iFrom ithe istart,
itheir ispeculation iconfronted ia ilot iof iskepticism ihowever ithe ilogical idisclosures iover
ithe iaccompanying itwo idecades idemonstrated ithat ithe ispeculation iwas iright. iThe
iprimary igenuine iproof iof iozone iexhaustion iwas iannounced iin i1985 iby ithe iBritish
iAntarctic iSurvey iTeam, iwhich ihad ibeen iestimating ithe ithickness iof ithe iozone ilayer
iover ithe iSouth iPole ifor ia ilong itime i(WMO i1988).
iA isimilar ireview igroup i2 iannounced ithat ia icritical iconsumption iof ithe istratospheric
iozone ilayer ihappens ieach ispring iin iAntarctica iand iprompts icalamitous iozone
iopenings. iGenerous ioccasional iozone imisfortune iduring iboth ispring iand isummer iin
ithe inorthern iand isouthern isides iof ithe iequator iwas iadditionally irevealed ifor ithe ifirst
itime iin i1991 i(Miller iet ial. i1994). iThe ispecialists iof ithe iNational iOceanic iand
iAtmospheric iThe iorganization ifound ithat iozone imisfortune iin iAntarctica istarted
ibefore, iendured ilonger, iand iinfluenced ia imore iextensive iterritory i(UNEP i1991). iTruth
ibe itold, ithe idisclosure iof ithe iAntarctic iozone igap iat ionce iat ithe ipoint iwhen ia
iworldwide ipattern iin ithe iozone ilevel iwas idubious icame ias ia itotal iastonishment. iIn
i1985, ithe ideclaration iof ienormous ispringtime iall iout iozone imisfortune iover iAntarctica
isomewhere iin ithe irange iof i1975 iand i1984 ishocked ithe iair iscience inetwork. iFrom
ithat ipoint, inumerous iconfirmations iof iexpanded isun ioriented ibright iradiation i(UVR)
iarriving iat ithe iworld's isurface ihighlighted ithe iexhaustion iof istratospheric iozone ilayer
i(Blumthaler iand iAmbatch i1990, iSeckmeyer iand iMackenzie i1992, iKerr iand iMcElroy
i1993, iCaldwell iand iFlint i1994, iJokela iet ial. i1995).
There iis ino iuncertainty ithat ithe istratospheric iozone ilayer iis ibeing iexhausted. iPresently
ithere ihave ibeen ialerts iabout i30% ito i40% iozone imisfortune iover iHelsinki, iToronto,
iand iMoscow. iAs ithe istratospheric iozone ilayer ishields ithe iearth ifrom ithe iunsafe
iimpacts iof ithe isun's iUVR, iozone iexhaustion ihas ibrought ia igenuine ishowdown ifor ithe
iworld. iEven ithough ithe isky iisn't ifalling iin, iit iis igetting itorn ias idim iopenings iare
ishowing iup iin ithe iozone ilayer iand iallowing iin ithe icompromising iUVR iover ithe

3. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol.2, No.1, May 2020
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iworld. iIt iappears ithat iMother iNature ican ino ilonger ideal iwith iher ichildren. iThus, ithe
icountries ishould ihelp iher iby iunderstanding ithe iimpending iimpacts iof iozone
iconsumption iand ibe ijoined iin itaking icare iof ithis iearnest iissue. iThe ipoint iof ithis paper
iis ito imake imindfulness iinside ithe icountries ito ispare iand isupport ithe iworld's idefensive
iozone ilayer.This ipaper iuncovers ithe ireasons ifor iozone iexhaustion, idistinguishes ithe
iwellsprings iof iozone idraining isubstances ifeature ithe iimpacts iand isuggest isome idefensive
imeasures.
CAUSES iOF iOZONE iDEPLETION:
i i i iThe inumber iof iinhabitants ion ithe iplanet iis iproceeding ito iincrement iand irequesting
imore inoteworthy iurban iimprovement. iAs iland ifor ia iliving iis iconstrained, ithe
irequirement ifor iincreasingly iopen ispaces ito ioblige ithe iexpanding ipopulace iis
iaccelerating ideforestation iand iterritory iannihilation. iAll ithe iwhile, irural, imonetary, iand
imechanical iexercises iare igrowing iand iquickening ideforestation. iThus, iemanations iof
idangerous igases, ifor iexample, iCFCs, ihalons, iand iso iforth ifrom ihorticulture, iignition
iof ipetroleum iproducts, iand imodern iprocedures iare iadditionally irising. iThis ithusly ihas
ichanged ithe icompound isynthesis iof ithe iworld's ienvironment iand iprompted ithe
iexhaustion iof ithe istratospheric iozone ilayer. iA iall-encompassing iviewpoint iof iozone
iconsumption ihas ibeen idepicted iin iFigure i1. i
i i i i i i iEnvironmental iresearchers iand ispecialists ihave iestimated ithe idegree iof iozone
iconsumption iin ithe imost irecent itwo idecades. iEvaluations iof iworldwide iozone
iconsumption ihave ifluctuated ifrom i3% ito i20% i(Elsom i1992). iSynthetic iconcoction
imixes iare imaking ithis iexhaustion ia imore inoteworthy idegree i(Gribbin i1994). iA ilarge
iportion iof ithe iconsumption iis iaccused ion ithe iactivity iof ichlorine istarted ifrom iCFCs.
iAfter iCFCs, iother ichlorine-containing imixes, ifor iexample, imethyl ichloride iand icarbon
itetrachloride iadditionally iemit ichlorine iinto ithe ienvironment. iChlorine iis ithe
iconcoction ievil ipresence ithat ipredominantly icauses iozone iexhaustion. iOne ichlorine
iiota ican idevastate i100,000 iozone iatoms i(Langley i1994, iColdiron i1996). iTruth ibe itold,
ichlorine ihas idisturbed ithe inormal icreation imisfortune iparity iof iozone iin ithe
iStratosphere. i

4. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol.2, No.1, May 2020
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Figure i1: iA iHolistic iPerspective iof
iOzone iDepletion
i iCFCs iare irecognizable ias iFreon iin ieveryday iuse. iThey iare iwidely iutilized ias
icooling ioperators iin icooling iand irefrigeration, ilike icleaning iliquids, ias isolvents iin
ielectronic iventures, iand ithe icreation iof ifroth iplastics. iAccordingly, ian ienormous
imeasure iof iCFCs iis ibeing itransmitted iand iis imoving ito ithe istratosphere. iFigure i2
idemonstrates ithe iyearly iemanation iof isome ibroadly iutilized iCFC imixes. iCFCs iare
ientirely isteady isynthetic isubstances iand idon't iseparate ipromptly iin ithe ilower iclimate.
iWhen idischarged iinto ithe ienvironment, ithey isteadily idiffuse iupward iand itake i7 ito i15
iyears ito iarrive iat ithe istratosphere. iTheir ilifetime iin ithe istratosphere iis iexceptionally
ilong. i
The ievaluated ihalf-existences iof iCFCs iare i75 ito i120 iyears i(Coldiron i1996). iCFCs
iseparate iby isun ioriented iradiation iand iyield ichlorine iradicals iduring itheir ilifetime iin
ithe istratosphere. iEvery iCFC iatom iseparates iinto itwo ito ifour ichlorine iradicals. iThese
Human iActivities
iDeforestationiandiHabitat
iDestructioniAgricultureiand
iUrbaniDevelopment
EmissionsiofiOzone
iDepleting iSubstances
Chloroflurocarbons i(CFCs),
iHalons
iOzoneiDepletion
OzoneiDepleting iSubstances
iMigrateitoitheiStratosphere

5. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol.2, No.1, May 2020
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ichlorine iradicals iat ithat ipoint irespond iwith iozone iand iconsequently iexhaust ithe iozone
ilayer. iBe ithat ias iit imay, ithey idon't ichange ithemselves iand ikeep ion iresponding iwith
iother iozone iparticles ibringing iabout iadditional iharm. iThis iprocedure igoes ion ifor ia
ilong itime iafter ithe iarrival iof iCFCs iinto ithe ienvironment.
i i i i i i i i iOther inotable isynthetic isubstances ithat idrain ithe iozone ilayer iare ihalons,
imethyl ichloride, imethyl ibromide, iand icarbon itetrachloride. iHalons iare iexplicit ibromine
imixes i(bromoflurocarbons) iand iare iutilized ifor ifire iconcealment. iThey iact isimilarly ias
iCFCs ito idrain ithe iozone ilayer. iTheir ilifetimes iare iless iin icomparison ito iCFCs. iBe
ithat ias iit imay, ihalons iare iconsiderably imore idangerous ithan iCFCs. iThey ihave imore
iprominent iozone iconsumption ipotential i(ODP) ithan iCFCs i(Elsom i1992). iHalons
idischarge ibromine, iwhich iis iaround imultiple itimes imore iruinous ithan ichlorine i(WMO
i1995). iContrasted iwith iCFCs iand ihalons, imethyl ichloride iis ia iless iserious iozone
iexhausting isubstance iand ihas ian iexceptionally ilow iODP. iIt iis inormally iutilized ias ia
idissolvable ior ipurifying iliquid. iSome imeasure iof imethyl ichloride ievades iduring iuse
iand irelocates ito ithe istratosphere. iThe ienvironmental ihabitation itime iof imethyl ichloride
iis iabout i1.5 iyears. iDuring iits ilifetime, imethyl ichloride idischarges ichlorine, iwhich
iresponse iwith ienvironmental iozone iand iconsequently idiminishes ithe iozone ifixation.
iMethyl ibromide iis ianother iozone idepletion isubstance ithat iadditionally iassumes ia

6. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol.2, No.1, May 2020
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isignificant ijob iin iexhausting ithe iworldwide iozone ilayer. iIt iis ifor ithe imost ipart
iutilized ias ipesticide iand iherbicide. iThe iODP iof iMethyl ibromide iranges ifrom i0.22 ito
i0.48 i(Serca iet ial. i1998). iIt ihas ia ilifetime iof isomewhat imore ithan i1.5 iyears iin ithe
iair. iIt iis ibelieved ito ibe iprobably ithe ibiggest isupporter iof ibromine iin ithe istratosphere
i(WMO i1995). iMethyl ibromide ialone icould ibe ianswerable ifor i5% ito i10% iworldwide
iozone iconsumption i(UNEP i1992). iThe iother iozone iexhausting isubstance, icarbon
itetrachloride iis icommonly iutilized ias ilaundry iand ito idisinfect igrains. iIt ihas ia
ibarometrical iliving iarrangement itime iof i42 iyears. iIts iODP iis ipractically ithe isame ias
ithat iof iCFCs.
i iMethane, initrous ioxide, iand iwater ifume iare ilikewise iliable ifor ithe iexhaustion iof ithe
iozone ilayer i(Manning iand iTiedemann i1995). iAs ia ipiece iof ithe icarbon icycle, imethane
iand iother ilittle ihydrocarbons iare ichanged iover iinto iwater iand iHOX i(OH iand iHO2)
ithat iinfluence ithe iozone ifixation iin ithe istratosphere. iPlus, idifferent iburning iitems
idischarged ifrom ia isupersonic iairplane, initrous ioxide idischarged ifrom initrogen-based
icompound icomposts, iand ioxides iof initrogen idelivered iby iatomic iweapon itesting iare
ilikewise idistinguished ias ipotential ireasons ifor istratospheric iozone iconsumption.
SOURCES iOF iOZONE iDEPLETING iSUBSTANCES
i i i i i i i i iThe iexhaustion iof ithe istratospheric iozone ilayer ihappens idue ito
iphotochemical iresponses isomewhere iin ithe irange iof iozone iand iozone idraining
isubstances. iSignificant iozone iexhausting isubstances iare ichlorine, iCFCs, ihalons, imethyl
ibromide, imethyl ichloride, imethane, initrous ioxide, iand iwater ifume. iEvery ione iof ithem
igoes ito ithe itroposphere ifrom ivarious isources iarranged ion ithe ioutside iof ithe iearth.
iLater ithey iare imoved iupward ito ithe istratosphere iby isignificant iclimate iunsettling
iinfluences ilike ia istorm ior isolid iwarm iair iupdraft.
i i i i i i i i i i iChlorine iatoms iare iascending iin ithe istratosphere ifrom idifferent isources.
iThe imost isignificant iwellspring iof ichlorine iis iCFCs idischarged ifrom imodern
iexercises. iBiomass iconsumption iadditionally iincludes ia ilot iof ichlorine ito ithe iclimate.
iIt ihas ibeen iaccounted ifor ithat iup ito i5% iof iabsolute istratospheric ichlorine ioriginates
ifrom ibiomass iconsumption i(Coldiron i1996). iOcean isalt isplash iis ianother iregular
iwellspring iof ichlorine ito ithe iclimate. iAnother ipotential iwellspring iof ichlorine ito ithe
istratosphere iis istrong irocket isupporters. iBesides, ivolcanoes iare ifrequently ireferenced
ias ia ipotential iwellspring iof ichlorine ito ithe istratosphere. iChlorine iadditionally igoes ito
ithe iair ifrom idifferent imixes iproduced iin isewage iand iwater itreatment iplants, iterrace
ipools, iand ieven ifrom ifamily iunit ichlorine iblanch.
i i i i i i i i iCFCs icome iin ithe iclimate ifrom ivarious imechanical iexercises. iThe iprevalent
iemployments iof iCFCs ias icooling ispecialists iin icooling iand irefrigeration, ias icharges
iin ivaporized ijars, ias icleaning ispecialists, ias isolvents iin ienterprises, iand ias ifroth
iblowing ioperators iincrement itheir ifocus iin ithe istratosphere i(Manning iand iTiedemann
i1995, iAisbett iand iPham i1998). iHalons iare iwidely iutilized iin ifire idousers. iThe
igreatest iutilization iof ihalon idousers iis iin iPC irooms iand imilitary ivehicles, ifor

7. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol.2, No.1, May 2020
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iexample, iboats iand iplanes. iFire iconcealment iexercises idischarge ihalons. iAccordingly,
ihalon ifocus iincrements iin ithe istratosphere iand iresults iin igenerous iozone iconsumption
i(Winter-Sorkina i2001). i
i i i i i i i i i iMethyl ibromide icomes iin ithe iair ifrom iboth icharacteristic iand ianthropogenic
isources. iSeas iare ithe icritical iwellsprings iof imethyl ibromide i(Singh iet ial. i1983, iSingh
iand iKanakidou i1993, iButler i1994). iBiomass iconsumption iis ianother isignificant
iwellspring iof imethyl ibromide i(Manö iand iAndreae i1994). iMoreover, ian ienormous
ipiece iof imethyl ibromide iutilized iin ibug icontrol iand isoil ifumigation iinevitably ienters
ithe iair i(Yagi iet ial. i1995). i
i i i i i i i i i iMethyl ichloride, ianother iozone iexhausting isubstance, ilikewise icomes iin ithe
iclimate ibecause iof ithe imodern iexercises. iPlus, ithe isea iis ithe icharacteristic iwellspring
iof imethyl ichloride. iIt ican ilikewise icome iin ithe ienvironment ifrom ibiomass
iconsumption i(Coldiron i1996). iMethyl ichloride iis igenerally iutilized ias ia idissolvable
iand ias ia icleaning ispecialist iin iventures. iThe iexpanded iutilization iof imethyl ichloride
ibrings iits ifocus iup iin ithe istratosphere. i
i i i i i i i i i i iMethane ifor ithe imost ipart ishows iup iin ithe ienvironment ifrom inormal
isources. iIt ihappens iin ihuge ivolumes iin idregs iand imarshes. iHuman iexercises, ifor
iexample, ideforestation iand inatural isurroundings iannihilation idischarge ithis imethane
iinto ithe iclimate i(Manning iand iTiedemann i1995). iMoreover, imethane ihappens iin irice
ipaddies iand ithe istomachs iof iruminant icreatures iunder ianaerobic iconditions. iIt
iadditionally ishapes iin istores ibecause iof ithe irot iof iold iplants iand idead icreatures. iA
iportion iof ithe imethane iin ithis iway idelivered igetaways ito ithe iclimate. iIce-like
isolidified istructure icalled iclathrate ican ilikewise ibe ia icritical iwellspring iof imethane. i
i i i i i i i i i iNitrous ioxide iis iproduced iinto ithe ienvironment ifor ithe imost ipart ibecause
iof ithe icommon iand iagrarian icycling iof initrogen i(Manning iand iTiedemann i1995). iIt
iis iadditionally idelivered ias ia iresult iof ifuel iutilization iin iinner iignition imotors. iEarly
iestimations idemonstrate ithat iinterior iignition imotor icould ibe ia ihuge isupporter iof ithe
iwatched ipace iof initrous ioxide iin ithe iair. iAlso, idental ispecialists iregularly iutilize
initrous ioxide ias ia isedative. iA iportion iof ithe igas ibreaks ito ithe iair iduring iapplication.
iHelping icreated iin irainstorms ican ilikewise ibe ia ineighborhood iwellspring iof initrous
ioxide iin ithe iclimate. i
i i i i i i i i i i iWater ifume, ianother iozone iexhausting isubstance, icomes iin ithe iair
iprincipally ifrom icommon iwater ibodies, ifor iexample, iseas, istreams, iand ilakes.
iMechanical iexercises ilikewise icontribute iwater ifume ito ithe ienvironment i(Manning iand
iTiedemann i1995). iIt iis iadditionally idelivered iduring ithe ioxidation iof imethane iand
iother ilittle ihydrocarbons.

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MECHANISM iOF iOZONE iDEPLETION
i i i i i i i i iPhotochemical iprocedures iare ithe ichief ireasons ifor iozone iconsumption iin
ithe istratosphere. iOzone iis idecimated iin iphotochemical iresponses iwith iozone
iexhausting isubstances. i
i i i i i i i i iOzone iis ia icompound icousin iof ioxygen iand ifor ithe imost ipart istays iin ia
iharmony ibetween iphotochemical icreation iand imisfortune. iThe iexpanded icentralization
iof iozone idraining isubstances iupsets ithe icharacteristic iparity iand istarts ithe iexhaustion
iof ithe iozone ilayer. iAny iozone iexhausting isubstance iexisting iin ithe istratosphere
iresponds iwith iozone ito icreate iatomic ioxygen iand iitself iis ichanged iover iinto ia
iphotochemical icompound. iThe iphotochemical icompound ilater iresponds iwith inuclear
ioxygen idelivered iby iUVR iand ithe iozone idraining isubstance iturns iout ito ibe ifree iin
ithe istratosphere. iThis iozone iexhausting isubstance iagain iresponds iwith istratospheric
iozone ilikewise iand ithe iconsumption iof iozone ilayer iproceeds. iThe iinstrument iof iozone
iexhaustion iis idelineated iin iFigure i3.
EFFECTS iOF iOZONE iDEPLETION
iThe istratospheric iozone ilayer iis isignificant ifor ithe iinsurance iof ithe iearth. iIt
isafeguards ithe iearth iand ihuman iprogress. iThe iexhaustion iof ithe iozone ilayer iprompts
ian iexpansion iin ithe imeasure iof idestructive iUVR iat iground ilevel. iThe iexpansion iin
ithe iUVR iarriving iat ithe iearth iinfluences iclimate iand iatmosphere, ihuman iwellbeing,
iearthbound iplants, isea-going ibiological isystems, inatural iways iof ilife, iand ieven iopen-
air imaterials i(Miller iet ial. i1994, iSlaper iet ial. i1998). iThe iozone ilayer iretains isunlight
ibased iUVR iand iwarms ithe istratosphere. iAs itemperature idiminishes iwith itallness iin
ithe itroposphere, ithe iwarm istratosphere igoes iabout ias ia iroof iand iprompts iconvective
iprocedures, iwhich iproduce imists iand iprecipitations iinside ithe itroposphere.

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iConsumption iof iozone ilayer icoordinates ithe iphotograph iseparation iof itropospheric
ispecies iand iresults iin ichanges iin itemperature istructure iof ithe iclimate i(Madronich iand
iGranier i1992, iBekki iet ial. i1994, iGranier iet ial. i1996). iAs ia iresult, iconvective
iprocedures iand iair icourse ichange iand iinfluence ithe iclimate iand iatmosphere iof ithe
iworld.
i i i i i i iThe istratospheric iozone ilayer icontrols ithe imeasure iof iUVR iarriving iat ithe
iground ithrough iassimilation. iThis ilayer iof igas iacts ilike ian iundetectable ichannel ithat
ishields iall ilife istructures ifrom iover iintroduction ito ithe isun's iunsafe iUVR. iThe iharm
ito ithe iozone ilayer ipermits imore iUVR ito iarrive iat ithe iearth. iThere iare inumerous
isigns ithat iUVR ieffectively iaffects ihuman iwellbeing. iAn iexpansion iin ithe imeasure iof
iUVR iat iground ilevel icauses iburn ifrom ithe isun, iuntimely imaturing iof ithe iskin,
imelanoma iand inon-melanoma iskin idisease, ivisual iclutters iincluding iwaterfalls iand
iastigmatism iand iweakened iinsusceptible iframework i(Urbach i1997, iSlaper iet ial. i1998).
iThe imost igenuine itype iof iskin idisease iis ithreatening imelanoma, iwhich ihas ia i30%
icasualty irate i(Panofsky i1978). iAlso, ithe iUnited iNations iEnvironmental iProgram
i(UNEP) iannounced ithat ia i10% idiminishing iin istratospheric iozone icould ibring iabout
i26% iexpansion iin inon-melanoma iskin imalignant igrowth i(UNEP i1991). iThere iare ia
ifew iconfirmations iof inon-melanoma iskin idisease ihappening iall ithrough ithe iworld. iThe
ioverall irate iof inon-melanoma iskin imalignant igrowth ibecause iof ipresentation ito iUVR
iappears iin iTable i1. iBesides, iexpanded idegrees iof iUVR iin ithe itroposphere ican ibring
iabout ia iphotochemical ibrown ihaze, iwhich iis ias iof inow ia iwellbeing idanger iin
inumerous ihuge iurban icommunities iof ithe iworld.
Table i1: iWorldwide iIncidence iof iNon-melanoma iSkin iCancer
idue ito iUVR iExposure i(From iReference iUrbach i1995)
Geographical
iLocation
Degree iof iIncidence i(Arbitrary
iUnit)
Queensland 2.4
Texas 2.2
South iAfrica 2.0
Canada 1.7-1.8
Nevada 1.7
England 1.4-1.5
Germany 1.4-1.5
Scotland 1.4
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iThe iharm ito ithe iozone ilayer ioffers ito iascend ito ithe icentralization
iof iUVR iat iground ilevel iand iin ithis imanner iharms iplants iboth iphysiologically iand
imorphologically. iExpanded iUVR iinfluences ithe idevelopment, iarrangement, iand
icapacity iof ia iwide iassortment iof iplant ispecies iincluding inumerous isignificant iharvests

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i(Manning iand iTiedemann i1995, iYuan iet ial. i1998, iBjörn iet ial. i1999, iPaul i2000).
iUVR istraightforwardly ihits iand imakes iharm ito ithe iDNA iand idifferent iparticles iin
iplants. iReceptive ioxygen ispecies iand iradicals icreated iby iUVR ilikewise iparticipate iin
ithe isub-atomic ipulverization iof iplants i(Björn i1996, iBjörn iet ial. i1999). iFurther ito ithis,
ian iexpanded idegree iof iUVR ihas iappeared ito istifle iphotosynthesis i(Allen iet ial. i1998).
iIt ihinders iphotosynthesis iand iresults iin ichanges iin ithe ishading iand ithickness iof
ileaves. iOther iregularly iwatched iimpacts iof iUVR ion iplants iremember imodification ifor
iprotein isubstance iand icompound imovement, ichanges iin ilayers iand ileaf iscience, iplant
ihindering, iand idecreases iin ivegetative ibiomass iand iharvest iyield i(Yuan iet ial. i1998).
iTable i2 iand iTable i3 iuncover iUVR idriven isignificant imodifications iof iplant
imorphology iand iphysiology iin ialong iwith itheir ilatent icapacity iimpacts ion iplant
iailments. i
i i i i i i i i i iExpanded idegree iof iUVR iadditionally ihas idemonstrated iantagonistic
iconsequences ifor ifish, ishrimps, icrabs, izooplankton, iand iother iamphibian iliving ibeings
ijust ias ion iphytoplankton iand iother ioceanic iplants ifundamental ito ithe isea-going ifood
iweb. iScientists iannounced ithat i16% iof iozone iconsumption icould ibring iabout i5%
iphytoplankton imisfortune, iwhich iis iequal ito ilost iaround i7 imillion itons iof ifish ifor
ievery iyear i(Hader iet ial. i1995). iPhotosynthesis iis ilikewise irestrained iin inumerous ired,
iearthy icolored, iand igreen ibenthic igreen igrowth ibecause iof ithe iexpanded iconvergence
iof iUVR iat iground ilevel.
Table i2: iMajor iAlterations iof iPlant iMorphology idue ito
iEnhanced iUVR iand iTheir iPotential iImpacts ion iPlant
iBiotic iDisease i(From iReference iManning iand
iTiedmann i1995)
Morphological iPlant iResponses
ito iEnhanced iUVR
Impact ion iDisease iIncidence iand iEpidemiology
Stunted igrowth
iIncreased
ibranching
Increased isize iof ileaves
Improved imicroclimate iconditions ifor ibacterial
ior ifungal iinfections, iand ithe ibuildup iof
iepidemics
Table i3: iMajor iAlterations iof iPlant iPhysiology idue ito iEnhanced
iUVR iand iTheir iPotential iImpacts ion iBiotic iPlant
iDisease i(From iReference iManning iand iTiedmann
i1995)

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Ozone iexhaustion ilikewise iin ia iroundabout iway iupgrades ian iEarth-wide itemperature
iboost. iExpanded iUVR iincited iby iozone imisfortune iinfluences ithe iamphibian
ienvironments iand idiminishes ithe inumber iof iinhabitants iin iphytoplankton. iIt iis
idiscovered ithat iphytoplankton iyearly iproselytes iaround i104 ibillion itons iof icarbon
idioxide iinto inatural imaterials. iSubsequently, ia ireduction iin itheir ipopulace iwould ibring
iabout ian iexpansion iof icarbon idioxide, iwhich iis isignificant iozone iharming isubstance
iand ifor ithe imost ipart iliable ifor ia idangerous iatmospheric ideviation i(Wuebbles iand
iJain i2001). i
i i i i i i i i i i i i iOzone iexhaustion iadditionally iinfluences ithe iopen-air imaterials, ifor
iexample, iwood iand iplastics iby iexpanding ithe icentralization iof iUVR i(Miller iet ial.
i1994). iAt ithe ipoint iwhen ithese imaterials iare iutilized iin ioutside iapplications, ifor
iexample, iin irooftops, ioutside ientryways, iwindows, iand idividers, iUVR icauses iharm
iquickening istaining iand ibasic idebasement. iAccordingly, ithey ibecome iless isturdy iand
itheir ilifetime idiminishes.
PREVENTIVE iMEASURES iFOR iOZONE i i i i i i i i i
i i i iDEPLETION
i i i i i i i i i i i iThe iexhaustion iof ithe istratospheric iozone ilayer iis ia igeneral iissue. iThe
iproceeded iwith ithe iarrival iof iozone iexhausting isubstances iinto ithe iair iand ithe
isubsequent iconsumption iof ithe iozone ilayer iwill iinfluence ithe ientire iworld. iIn ithis
iway, ifitting iadvances imust ibe itaken ipresently ito isecure ithe iozone ilayer. iDefensive
imeasures ishould itarget idispensing iwith ithe icreation iand iutilization iof iozone
iexhausting isubstances. iIt iis iunavoidably iimportant ito idistinguish ithe iprotected ioptions
iin icontrast ito iozone idraining isubstances. iThe iMontreal iProtocol irestricted ithe
iutilization iof iprimary iozone iexhausting isubstances, ifor iexample, iCFC-11 iand iCFC-12
iby i1996 i(Aisbett iand iPham i1998). iThis iconvention idelivered ia itotal irestriction ion ithe
icreation iof iCFCs iby i1995 iwith icertain iexemptions. iIf ifull iconsistence iis icarefully
iaccomplished, ithe iMontreal iProtocol iwill iat ilast ioutcome iin irecouping ithe iregular
igrouping iof iozone iin ithe istratosphere. i
i i i i i i i i iOptions iin icontrast ito ithe iutilization iof iCFCs iin irefrigeration, icooling, ifroth
iplastic icreation, iand iin ipurifying iactivities iare iany iliquid ior igas. iNotwithstanding,
isome iare idesirable iover iothers ifor imonetary iand ispecialized ireasons iand iwellbeing.
iHydrofluorocarbons i(HFCs) iand ihydrochlorofluorocarbons i(HCFCs) iwere ipicked ias ithe
ioptions iin icontrast ito iCFCs. iThe itwo iHFCs iand iHCFCs ihave ihydrogen imolecules.
iThe inearness iof ihydrogen imakes ithem iless isteady iin ithe iclimate iprompting ian
Physiological iPlant iResponses
ito iEnhanced iUVR
Impact ion iDisease iIncidence iand iEpidemiology
Reduced inet iphotosynthesis Reduction iof ihigh-sugar-disease i(rusts, imildews)
Increased iproduction iof iphotoactive
Phenolics
Potential iof iantibiotic iaction iagainst ipathogens
Premature iripening iand isenescence Shortened iinfection iperiod ifor ibiotrophs iand
prolonged iinfection iperiod ifor inecrotrophs
Increased icontents iof isoluble iproteins
Decreased icontents iof imembrane
ilipids
Improved iavailability iof ihost inutrients
Enhanced igrowth iof inecrotrophic ipathogens

12. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol.2, No.1, May 2020
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iincredibly idiminished ienvironmental ihome itime. iBe ithat ias iit imay, iHCFCs iare inot
iprotected ias ithey idespite ieverything ihave isome iODP i(McCulloch i1999) ias iappeared
iin iTable i4. iIn ithis iway, ithe iMontreal iProtocol ihas iplanned ithem ias icontrolled
isubstances iand ithey imust ibe ieliminated iby i2030 iin icreated inations. iSome icreated
inations ihave ijust ieliminated iHCFCs iintentionally iand iprohibited inew iestablishments
iwith iHCFCs i(Devotta iet ial. i2001). iTable i4 iportrays ia ifew iHCFCs, iwhich iareas iof
inow ibooked ifor ifuture ieliminate. iIn icontrast iwith iHCFC imixes, iHFCs idon't icontain
iany ichlorine iand ihave izero iODP. iIn ithis iway, iHFCs iare iso ifar ithe imost isecure
ioptions iin icontrast ito iCFCs i(McCulloch i1999). iTable i5 ipresents ia ifew iHFC imixes,
iwhich ican ibe iutilized ias ithe ipotential ioptions iin icontrast ito iCFCs.
Table i4: iHCFC iCompounds iScheduled ifor iFuture iPhase-out
iunder ithe iMontreal iProtocol i(From iReference
iMcCulloch i1999)
Compound Chemical
iFormula
Principal iUse Atmospheric
Lifetime i(Years)
ODP
HCFC-22 CHClF2 Refrigerant 13.3 0.055
HCFC-123 CHCl2CF3 Refrigerant 1.4 0.022
HCFC-124 CHClFCF3 Refrigerant 5.9 0.022
HCFC-141b CH3CCl2F Foam iblowing
iagent
9.4 0.11
HCFC-142b CH3CClF2 Foam iblowing
iagent
19.5 0.065
HCFC-225ca CHCl2CF2CF3 Solvent 2.5 0.025
HCFC-225cb CHFClCF2CF2Cl Solvent 6.6 0.033
Table i5: iHFC iCompounds iScheduled ias ithe iPotential
iAlternatives ito iCFCs i(From iReference iMcCulloch
i1999)
Compound Chemical iFormula Principal iUse Atmospheric
Lifetime i(Years)
ODP2
HFC-23 CHF3 By-product 264 0
HFC-32 CH2F2 Refrigerant 5.6 0

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HFC-125 CHF2CF3 Refrigerant 32.6 0
HFC-134a CH2FCF3 Refrigerant 14.6 0
HFC-143a CH3CF3 Refrigerant 48.3 0
HFC-152a CH3CHF2 Propellant 1.5 0
HFC-227ea CF3CHFCF3 Propellant 36.5 0
HFC-236fa CF3CH2CF3 Foam iblowing
iagent
2.9 0
HFC-245ca CHF2CF2CFH2 Foam iblowing
iagent
6.6 0
i i i i i i i i i iShockingly, ithe iassembling iof iHFCs iis ia icutting iedge iprocess. iIn ithis
iway, ithe iexpense iof idelivering iHFCs iis ihigh iand iafterward itheir icompulsory iuse
iwould ibe ia iweight ion ithe iless ifortunate inations. iBesides, itheir inursery iwarming
ipotential i(GWP) iis ilikewise inoteworthy. iTo idefeat ithese idisadvantages, inormally
ihappening ihydrocarbons, ifor iexample, ipropane iand ibutane ican ibe iutilized ias
isubstitutes ifor iCFCs i(Aisbett iand iPham i1998). iThese isubstances iare inearly imodest
iand ican ibe igotten iat ia imore inoteworthy isum ias iparts iof iflammable igas. iTheir iODP
iis izero iand ithey ilikewise iinitiate iabout izero inursery iimpacts ihaving ia ilow iGWP.
iTable i6 idemonstrates ithe ibenefits iof inormally ihappening isubstances iover iCFCs,
iHCFCs, iand iHFCs.
Table i6: iComparative iEnvironmental iEffects iof iNaturally
iOccurring iSubstances iand iOther iCommon
iRefrigerants i(From iReference iElefsen iet ial. i1995)
Compound OD
P
GWP i(100
iYear)
CFC-12 1.0 8500
HCFC-22 0.5 1700
HFC-134a i i i i i i i i i i i i i i0 1300
HFC-143a i i i i i i i i i i i i i i0 4400
Isobutane i i i i i i i i i i i i i i0 i i i i i i i i i i i i3
Propane i i i i i i i i i i i i i i0 i i i i i i i i i i i i3
Ammonia i i i i i i i i i i i i i0 i i i i i i i i i i i i0
i i i i i i i i i iA ifew ialternatives iare iat ipresent iaccessible ifor ithe isubstitution iof ihalons
iin ifire iconcealment iapplications i(Sanogo iet ial. i1996, iSaito iet ial. i1996, iYang iet ial.
i1997, iRiches iet ial. i2002). iIn ifixed ifire iconcealment iframework, icarbon idioxide, iidle
igas iblend, iall-out iflood idry isynthetic, ifine iparticulate, iand ilow ior ihigh iextension ifroth

14. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol.2, No.1, May 2020
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icould ibe iutilized irather ithan ihalons. iThough iinconvenient iframework, icarbon idioxide,
imultipurpose idry isubstance, ifluid ifilm ishaping ifroth, imist iwater, ior ia iwater-carbon
idioxide iblend icould ibe iutilized ias ian ioption iin icontrast ito ihalons. i
Finding ithe ioptions iof imethyl ibromide iis iby iall iaccounts itroublesome isince ithis
icompound iis ibroadly iutilized iin isoil ifumigation iand iirritation icontrol. iMethyl ibromide
iis igenerally imodest iand iindividuals ihave ibeen iutilizing iit ifor ia ilong itime. iIn iany
icase, iin i1993, ithe iUS iEnvironmental iProtection iAgency irecorded imethyl ibromide ias
ia iClass iI iozone idraining isubstance iand ibooked iit ito ibe ieliminated iconstantly iin i2005
i(Webster iet ial. i2001). iA iportion iof ithe idistinguished isubstitutes ifor imethyl ibromide
iare i1,3-dichloropropene, ichloropicrin i(trichloronitromethane), imetal i(sodium iN-
diethyldithiocarbamate), idazomet i(tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-1,3,5-thiadiazole-2-thione), iand
iphosphine i(Csinos iet ial. i1997, iKarunaratne i1997). i
i i i i i i i i iAnother imethod iof ifounding ipreventive imeasures ifor iozone iconsumption iis
ithe idecimation iof iozone iexhausting isubstances. iVarious iconceivable iannihilation
imethods ihave ibeen irecognized. iThese iare iwarm icremation, ireactant iburning, ipyrolysis,
icompound iand imetal icleaning, iwet iair ioxidation, iand iorganic iand ielectrical
iprocedures. iAmong ithese, iwarm icremation iis ia ibuilt-up istrategy iand iis ibeing iutilized
igenerally. iHowever, ithis itechnique idelivers iecologically iperilous iresults. iIn ithis ipoint
iof iview, ithe iplasma ibend iprocess iand isynergist icremation iare iearth iincreasingly
iadequate i(Wang iet ial. i1997, iHowe iet ial. i2002). i
i i i i i i i i iWithout ilooking ifor ioptions, ithe ioutflow iof iozone iexhausting isubstances
ican ilikewise ibe icontrolled. iThere iis ia ihuge ipotential ito idiminish ithe imeasure iof
iozone iexhausting isubstances ifrom igetting iinto ithe iclimate ibasically iby imaking iexisting
iutilizations iincreasingly iproficient iand icontrolling ithe idischarges ifrom ithe iindustrial
ifacilities. iChanging iways iof ilife iand ifamily iunit irehearses, iwe icould ilikewise iadd ito
ilimit ithe ilevel iof iozone iexhaustion. iWe ishould iblacklist ichlorine idye iand istop ior
iabstain ifrom iutilizing ichlorine iin icivil iwater itreatment iplants. iEven ithough ichlorine iis
igreat, iit iisn't ithe ibest iway ito iclean iwater. iUVR, iozonation ior iother ielective icompound
imedications ican ibe ieffectively iembraced ito idodge ithe iutilization iof ichlorine.
CONCLUDING iREMARKS
i i i i i i iThe iearth ihas ijust igot ia ilot iof ibright iradiation iand ioptional iinfrared iwarming
ifrom ithe iphotochemical iresponses iin ithe iclimate. iThe ientire iworld iis ipresently iat
iserious irisk iand ito idispose iof ithis idanger iwe ineed ito iend ipromptly ithe iutilization iof
ichlorine, iCFCs, ihalons, imethyl ibromide, iand iother iozone iexhausting isubstances. iNot
ijust ithis, iwe ineed ito ilocate ithe iprotected ioptions ito irecoup ithe icharacteristic iozone
ilayer iin ithe istratosphere. i
i i i i i i i iPeril iis ipeeping idown ifrom ithe isky iand ithe idanger iis ithundering ito iwreck
iour ifuture. iOn ithe ioff ichance ithat ithe idull igaps iin ithe iozone ishield icontinue
ideveloping imore iextensive, ithey iwill iin ithe iend ilower ithe iworld iin ibright ibeams. iIn
ithis iway, iwe ishould isafeguard iour iprogress ifrom ithe idisastrous iimpacts iof iozone
iconsumption. iWe ishould irethink iour irelationship iwith ithe isky iand istart ito iconsider
iworldwide.
i i i i i i i iozone iexhaustion ias ia idanger ito ithe iearth. iWe itruly ineed ia ipowerful
iEnvironmental iDefense iForce iand ian iInternational iEnvironmental iConstitution ito
iprotect ithe iworld's iozone ishield. iThis iis itoday ia icrying ineed ion ithe ioff ichance ithat
iwe iare ito imaintain ia istrategic idistance ifrom ithe imost inoticeably iawful iclose. iElse,
iwe iwill ineed ito ibargain iour ilives ias iwell ias ithe ilives iof iall ispecies iliving ion iearth.

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i i i i i i i iThe icapacity ito iscreen ithe istratosphere, ito iexamine iits iwonders, iand ito
ievaluate iits ifuture ihas isignificantly iimproved ias ia iresult iof ithe iadvances iin iscience
iand iinnovation. iResearchers iand ianalysts iare ipresently igenerally iready ito idecide ithe
iimpacts iof istratospheric iozone iexhaustion iutilizing ithe itrendsetting iinnovations. iThis
iincredible iprogression ishould inow ibe iused ito irecuperate iand iprotect ithe iozone ilayer
ifor ipeople iin ithe ifuture iand ithe ibiological isoundness iof ithe iplanet. I
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