Sexual differentiation on the basis of different anthropological characteristics

1. SEX DETERMINATION USING
ANTHROPOMETRIC METHODS
Submitted by: Ritik Kumar Jain
Submitted to:Ketan Patil
Assistant professor (SVIFS)

2. INTRODUCTION
Forensic anthropology is defined as
the application of science of physical
anthropology in legal system. The term
‘forensic’ refers to the gathering of
scientific physical evidence for use in
court of law and “anthropology” is the
study of behavior, origin, and physical
and social development of human.
Thus forensic anthropology is used of
anthropology to gather and examine
scientific evidence.
The term anthropology is derived
from two Greek words, anthopo and
logos. The meaning of the former is
man and the latter, science.
Therefor anthropology is the science
of man/human .

3. Definitions
Charles snow,1973
“Forensic anthropology is the application of physical anthropologists, specialized knowledge to human,
racial, sexual, age and individual’s unusual variation to the problem of medico-legal jurisprudence.”
Thomas Stewart,1979
“Forensic anthropology as that branch of physical anthropology which for forensic purpose deals with
the identification of more or less skeletonized remains known to be suspected of being human, beyond
the elimination of non-human element.”

4. Biological characterization on the basis of Sex

5. Sex determination
Important: in the adult, the simplest and
most accurate determination of sex can
be made by morphological assessment of
the pelvis
In the normal living and still fleshed dead, sex is a
discrete variable- one is clearly either male or
female. Difference between the sexes are much less
distinct in the Skelton where both morphologic and
metric manifestation overlap to form a continuum.
A thorough knowledge of the cranial morphology
can allow experts to approach 90 -95% accuracy.
From decomposed remains establishment of sex was
determined by examining the presence of uters or
postate of femal sex as if can resist decomposition
for long time. Where as when the body is cut into
many pieces, establishment of identity is simplified
when those parts sexual characters are available
such as skull, pelvis or long bones.

6. Skull
 The skull is a bony structure which serves as the
general framework for the head. The skull supports the
structures of the face and protects the head against
injury.
 The skull can be subdivided into two parts: cranium
and mandible.
 The features that indicate sex are
1. General appearance
2. Supra orbital ridges
3. Orbits
4. Glabella
5. Zygomatic arches
6. Mastoid processes
7. External occipital protuberance
8. Mandible
9. Palate

7. fragment
S no. Sexual characteristics of skull Male Female
1 Size of the skull and weight Large, massive and heavier Smaller and lighter
2 Texture of skull Rough with muscular marking
and nuchal lines prominent
Less muscular and nuchal
lines are smooth
3 Skull vault Curved Flattened
4 Thickness of skull bone Thicker Thinner
5 Shape of the orbits Squarish, lower, relatively
smaller size
Rounded, higher,relatively
larger in size
6 Margin of orbits Thick, less sharp and rounded Sharper
7 Supra orbital ridges More strongly developed and
very prominent
Less prominaent
8 Glabella Strongly developed and large Weekly developed and small
9 Forehead Sloping , receding and
slanting
Vertical, smoother, and bulbus

8. 10 Mastoid processes Large, highly prominent and
robustly build
3smaller in size and freely
build
11 Frontal eminences Less prominent More prominent and
projecting
12 Parietal eminences Less prominent More prominent and
projecting
13 Occipital condyles Larger Smaller
14 Cheek bone Heavier, medium to massive Lighter, slighter to medium
15 Palate/dental arch Larger, broader and u-shaped Smaller, parabolic shape and
pointed
16 Mandible Larger, broader ramus Smaller, less broader ramus
17 Teeth Larger in size,lower molar
often have 5 cups
Smaller in size, lower molar
often have 4 cups
18 Zygomatic arch Strong Weak
19 Maxilla Strong,robustly built Feebly built
20 Nasal aperture Higher, narrower with sharp
margins
Smaller with some what
rounded margins

10. PELVIS
 The hip bone is a large,
flattened, irregularly shaped
bone.
 Together with the sacrum and
coccyx, it comprises the pelvis
 The best indicator of sex on the
adult skeleton is the shape of
the pubic bone of pelvis.
 It consist of three parts, the
illum,ischium,and pubic, which
are distinct from eacchother in
young subject, but are fused in
the adult.

11. S no. Sexual characteristics of the pelvis Male Female
1. Pelvis as a whole Massive with rough muscular
marking
Bony framework, less
massive, gracile and
smoother
2. Obturator foramen Oval and larger Triangular and smaller
3. Depth of pubic symphysis More Less
4. Sub-pubic angle Acute, V-shaped smaller Obtuse, U-shaped, broader
5. Acetabulum Larger Smaller
6. Acetabulum cavity Smaller, deeper Wider, shallower
7. Greater sciatic notch Narrow, deep and closed Broad, shallow
8. Sacrum Narrow and longer Broader and shorter
9. Sacral curvature Less curved More curved
10. Lower portion of sacrum Inward and downward Backward and upward

12. 11. Articular surface of the sacrum Extends behind the 2nd
sacral foramen
Limited to 2nd sacral
foramen
12. Ischium tuberosity More everted Less everted
13. Pubic arch More pointed and less
than right angle
More rounded and at right
angle
14. Cristal breadth More Less
15. Iliac crest More rugged and
tubercles
Less rugged and
tubercles
16. Iliac bone High and tend to be
vertical
Lower and laterally
divergent
17. True pelvis Relatively smaller Shallow, oblique and
spacious.

14. Long bones measurements
 Long bones are hard, dense bones that
provide strength, structure, and mobility.
A long bone has a shaft and two ends. The
long bones for examinations are
 Humerus
 Radius
 Ulna
 Femur
 Tidia

15. Bones Bone measurements (mm) Male Female
Humerus Maximum length 322 290
Maximum vertical diameter of the head 48 40.5
Maximum transverse diameter of the head 44.6 63.9
Bicondylar width 60 57.5
Bone weight 136gm 98gm
Tibia Maximum length 370 358
Bicondylar width 74 65.8
Weight 234gm 156gm
Femur Maximum length 439 412
Maximum vertical diameter of the head 48 41
Bicondylar width 79.5 70.5
Popliteal index 132-145 106-114.5
Maximum trochanteric length 430-450 390-405
Radius Maximum length 242 201.2
Maximum vertical diameter of the head 22.5 21.5
Curve of bone Less curve More curve
Ulna Maximum length 265 230
Physiological length 240 205
Weight 54 40.5
Size Bigger Smaller
Shape of head Less globular More globular
Sigmoid notch Divided Undivided

16. Reference
 The personal identification from skeleton
or its remains
By :G.S. Kaler and N.A. Butt
 Clinical anatomy for medical student
By: Richard S. Snell
 Determination of Sex from Fragment of Hip
Bone In Indian Bengali, J Indian Acad
Forensic Med. October-December 2012,
Vol. 34, No. 4, Partha Pratim
Mukhopadhyay.
 SEX DETERMINATION OF THE PELVIC
BONE: A SYSTEMS APPROACH,V.
NOVOTNÝ,Anthropologie,Vol. 24, No. 2/3,
SPECIAL ISSUE (1986), pp. 197-206