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1. A REVIEW ON QUANTUM COMPUTING
Tejas Bramhecha1
, Ifreen Raveen2
Third Year,
Department of Information Technology,
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi, Pune, India
Jaintejas511@gmail.com
ifreenraveen@gmail.com
Abstract-
Quantum Computing, the startling application of our review
paper is to instigate the computer technology that skims through
the marvelous idea of technological jumps in the computer
industry which will revolutionize the practical computing world.
Quantum computing is a very advance technology of the new
generation which is faster, more powerful and more capable than
the present classical computers. We are using digital computers
since decades; but it has not yet met our requirements for speed
& processing capabilities when it comes for computer systems to
process big data & generate analysis based upon it.
Quantum computers have the potential to perform calculations a
billion times faster than any traditional computer system. It uses
the principles of quantum mechanics for enhancing the
computational speed to work out much faster than even the
existing supercomputer. It will have enormous processing power
because it can do computational tasks in parallel and they can
solve many complex problems so far intractable by conventional
computers. We know that at first glance, it might seem
implausible & different from anything that a classical computer
has to offer but if we can build quantum computers then it will be
the highlight of the 21st
century.
Keywords: Quantum Computer, Qubits, Superposition,
Entanglement, Quantum tunneling effect.
(Note: QC stands for Quantum Computing.)
I. INTRODUCTION
The last century has witnessed the vast development of IT
technologies & variety of IT trends in the market. Speaking
specifically about the technologies like quantum computing
has left foremost impression on people & has assisted the
research fraternity immensely. The very first question that we
ask when we go to buy a computer is that it’s clock speed.
Basically, what we intend to do is to testify if it is fast enough
to quench our need of speed or not, isn’t it? & most certainly
we get disappointed if our search ends up in dissatisfaction.
Well then the quantum computing seems to be the best
probable solution for your problem.
In 1980 Russian German Mathematician Yuri Manin was the
first to propose the idea of quantum computing with his
seminal paper ‘Computable & Uncomputable’ & a year later
eminent physicist Richard Feynman presented a logical
quantum computer model in his talk ‘There's Plenty of Room
at the Bottom’ at the conference of ‘Physics &
Computerization’. The promise behind Feynman’s model
rested in a conviction that it would be impossible to conduct
simulation of quantum system with the use of the classical
computers. Feynman knew that as long as we continue using
the traditional engineering approach to the problem of
computer development, it will never lead to a revolution.
No Doubt, Quantum Computing played an eminent role in
shift of computer technologies. Traditional computers use 0’s
& 1’s as an array, forming a number & processing one bit at a
time while quantum computers contradict the present level of
technology which uses transistors as their core processing unit.
Quantum computer uses quantum chips to store, manipulate &
handle the complex calculations.
The key advantage of quantum computers is their capability of
parallel processing as classical computers can at max be in one
of two possible states at the same time whereas quantum
computers can exist in both of its possible states at once i.e. 0
as well as 1. This unique condition is known as superposition
& the information is processed by so called ‘qubits’. From the
physical point of view qubits are also called as quantum bits
which are very similar to classical bits in traditional systems.
Qubits represents different logical values such as 0, 1, 01 or 11
etc.
Fig.1.Quantum Computing
Working with qubits provides us incredible new possibilities
for effective processing of databases than ever we have
imagined before. A 2-bit quantum computer can analyze all of
4 possible states i.e. 00, 01, 10, 11 at the same time & in
principle let us say 300 particles; we can process 2300
possible
states at the same time using principle of superposition. Hence
the key advantage that quantum computers provide us is
parallel computation whereas till today we are using
timestamp or job scheduling methods to avoid inconsistency
occurring due to the parallel processing.

2. The issue of computational scalability has been an intensive
area for research not only for computer & IT engineers but for
physicians and mathematicians also! So it is high time when
we think of better ways to achieve quantum efficiency. The
difficulty isn’t that microprocessors are too slow but that the
logic written behind it is inherently sequential [3] & that’s
what could be changed if we could bring this conception true
in real sense.
MODULE 1
II. QUANTUM THEORY & COMPUTATION
1.1 HISTORICAL NOTE:-
Rolf Landauer and Charles H. Bennett were among the first
physicists who opened the door for quantum computing in the
1960s when they proposed that information is a physical entity
that could be manipulated according to the laws of physics.
It was the point actually from where we first started thinking
about it. After Manin & Feynman, Paul Benioff was the one
who proposed the theoretical framework for the quantum
computing in 1982.
Later on many scientists have had worked on quantum
computation to realize quantum mechanical concepts into real
time applications.
1.2 WHY QUANTUM COMPUTING:-
The foremost thing that we need to understand is quantum
computers are not at all the replacement for the classical
computers as many applications are straight forward & there
we don’t need to evaluate possibilities in parallel so quantum
computer are build to serve only specific purposes e.g. Sudoku
game. Then the question that keeps rolling in our mind is why
we prefer quantum computers over traditional computers.
To build any system we must know the root cause behind its
invention & how it actually works. As stated above,
conventional computer systems do follow the set of
instructions (algorithm) which are written inside the
microchips & it allows us to solve only one problem at a time
but now Google & NASA have teamed up for this paradigm
shift & the quantum computer designed by them are fabricated
by D-Wave Systems [7]. Quantum computer opens a realm of
new powerful possibilities by solving multiple problems at the
same time. The classical laws that we apply in our daily lives
will no longer be applicable when we start thinking at the
atomic scale.
1.3 QUANTUM APPLICATIONS:-
A quantum computer can accelerate the process of searching
for patterns in any kind of data, from weather to stock market
information - a task that’s virtually impossible for a traditional
computer. Perhaps in the not so distinct future we will be able
to climb up the ladder to a new round of possibilities such as
creation of new drugs, breakthroughs in research & climate
change & development of new technological devices or
financial modeling. It may help us to solve the most
challenging computer science problems.
1.4 QUANTUM MECHANICS CONCEPTS
As stated, quantum computer uses quantum mechanical
marvels like superposition, entanglement, quantum tunneling
effect to harness its power in terms of parallel processing.
1.4.1 Superposition: - It is one of the most absurd &
challengeable concept in physics which propose that a particle
can exists in all possible states at the same time as long as we
do not know the state of particle. Just like when we flip a coin
& till the time it continues to be in the air, the coin exists in
both of its states head as well as tail. Similarly a 4 qubits
computer can analyze 16 parallel states in a single operation &
in comparison a 4 bit classical computer would have to repeat
operation 16 times in order to process all the states.
Fig.2.Superposition in a coin.
1.4.2 Entanglement: - It is a physical phenomenon in which
quantum state of the particle can’t be described separately.
Change in the behavior of one particle will instantly affect the
behavior of other particle no matter how far they are. When
particles are in superposition, they retain a type of connection
between them which in turn will affect the spin of each other.
Einstein termed this phenomenon as a ‘spooky behavior at a
distance.’
Fig.3.Entanglement of particle.
Entangled particles must have opposite values for a property.
Quantum entangled particles allows to carry out many
promising technologies like quantum teleportation i.e. sharing
of states of atoms. The quantum entanglement is most fragile
property which gets easily destroyed by the interference of
noise but recently scientists have found ways to preserve the
quantum entanglement of particles. There’s limit on how
particles can be entangled i.e. if two particles are as entangled
as they can be neither of them can be entangled with third one.
This phenomenon has not only helped us to build quantum
computers but also atomic clocks with precise timing.

3. 1.4.3 Quantum tunneling effect: - This may sound bizarre
when at microscopic level particles can tunnel through a
potential barrier even when they do not have sufficient energy
to cross over. Quantum tunneling effect can be explained
using Heisenberg’s uncertainty principal & wave particle
duality.
Fig.4.Tunneling effect.
1.4.4 WORKING:-
In case of Quantum Computers, Qubits will be stored in the
form of atoms, ions, electrons or protons and then by using
electromagnetic waves, radio waves or by using laser; states of
the particles can be changed to spin up or spin down where
spin up will stand for state 1 and spin down will stand for state
0. This is the time when we do actual processing on qubits.
Due to the superposition it will be in both of its possible states
till the time we figure out the finalized state.
Fig.5.Spin of Electron.
As shown in Fig.5 when electron moves in the direction of
electromagnetic field then it will be in spin up position & if it
is moving in exactly opposite direction of field then it will be
in spin down position.
Fig.6.Multistate of Electron.
One should make sure that they have good control over
electrons, protons or ions. We can’t just push them in any
direction as precision is the biggest challenge that we need to
achieve. When particles interact with each other there is a
possibility that they may lose information so we must direct
them in particular way to avoid collision between them [10].
VI. CONCLUSION
The field of quantum computing is growing rapidly as many
of today's leading computing groups, universities, colleges,
and all the leading IT vendors are researching upon the topic.
This pace is expected to increase as more research is turned
into practical applications. Although practical machines lie
years in the future, this formerly fanciful idea is gaining
plausibility.
The present goal is not to build a complete quantum computer
right away; instead to move away from the experiments in
which we merely observe quantum phenomena to experiments
in which we can control these phenomena. Systems in which
information obeys the laws of quantum mechanics could far
exceed the performance of any conventional computer, therein
lays the opportunity and the reward.
No one can predict when we will build the first fully
functional quantum computer; it could be this year, perhaps in
the next 10 years, or centuries from now but most obviously
we need to accept that this mind-boggling level of computing
power has enormous commercial, industrial, and scientific
applications, but there are some significant technological and
conceptual issues to resolve first.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express our gratitude and deep
regards to our HOD Prof. S.M Bhagat and our guide Prof.
Bhushan Bhokse for their exemplary guidance and
encouragement throughout this paper work. We extend our
deep sense of appreciation to all those who have helped us to
make this paper possible. Hereby, we truly appreciate the
blessings, help and guidance given by our professors. The
opportunity taken by us shall carry us to the long way in
journey of life on which we are about to embark.
VII. REFERENCES
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, V.Parthasarathy2
, S.Sathya3
, M.Anand4
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improvements in quantum model & counter measures in Quantum Computing,
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Engineering. ISSN ONLINE(2320-9801).
[2].Simon J Devitt, William J Murno, Kae Nemoto.High Performance
Quantum Computing.
[3].Vishal Sahni, Dayal Pyari Srivastava, Quantum Information &
Computational Systems, CSI, Feb-2015.
[4].David Keil, Can Quantum Computing provide exponential speedup?, CSI
Communications, Feb-2015.
[5].Hardik A Gohel, Priyanka Sharma, Study of Quantum computing with
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[6]. D G Jha, Kimaya ambekar, Chinmay Palkar, Quantum Leap into high
performance computing environment, CSI Communications, Feb-2015.
[7].Tadrash Shah, Chintan M Bhatt, Fusion of physics & computers, CSI
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[8].http://phys.org/news/2014-07-scientists-quantum-entanglement-
amplified.html
[9].https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160316151619.htm
[10].http://computer.howstuffworks.com/quantum-computer.htm