1. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Motivation
10 October 2023 1
Today each country is facing global challenges like:
1) Environmental air pollution
2) Global warming
3) Fossil fuel depletion
• COP 21 – Conference on climate change, Paris, 2015
• NITI Aayog – Indian govt. initiative to produce green and sustainable fuel
• Diesel consumption is 52% of total petroleum fuel consumption in India[1]
• Diesel Engine compatible fuel
• Bharat Stage VI[2]
• Reduced emission
2. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Conventional Technique for Biodiesel
Production (Mechanical Stirring)
Agitator or magnetic stirrer is used for homogeneous mixing of oil and
methanol in the presence of catalyst to accelerate reaction.
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3. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Limitations of conventional technique
1) Higher reaction time for reaction to complete (1-8 hrs)
2) High energy consumption (~94.3 kJ/liter)
3) Catalyst requirement
4) Lower yield of biodiesel (90-92 %)
5) Glycerol as a by product (Supply can exceed demand)
6) Costly
10 October 2023 3
4. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Process Intensification Techniques
Ultrasound Assisted Intensification
Microwave Assisted Intensification
Hybrid technique
Hydrodynamic Cavitation
10 October 2023 4
5. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Ultrasound Assisted Intensification
Ultrasound : 20 kHz to 40 kHz
Types of Ultrasound transducer : (i) Probe type
(ii) Bath type
Power : 40- 1000 W
Lab facility: 50 to 750 W
Acoustic cavitation occurs between oil and alcohol leading
to transesterification reaction in the presence of catalyst.
Advantages:
1) Higher biodiesel yield with less reaction time (3 to 30
minutes)
2) Less energy consumption
3) Requires two step process for high FFA content oil
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Process Intensification Techniques Cont.
6. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Microwave Assisted Intensification
Microwave is electromagnetic radiation with frequency
ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz
Power varies between 100 W to 1000 W
Energy is supplied directly to the reactants, thus
eliminating heat transfer limitations between reactants
due to ionic conduction and dipolar polarization.
Advantages
1) Fast reaction (1-10 minutes)
2) Easy separation of glycerol
3) Less energy consumption (~4.32 kJ/liter)
10 October 2023 6
Process Intensification Techniques Cont.
7. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Limitations of Ultrasound and Microwave
Intensification
10 October 2023 7
Ultrasound Limitation
Maintaining the stable and uniform cavitational activity in large scale sonochemical
reactor is a major challenge.
Microwave Limitation
Microwave based technologies have the limitations of penetration depth,
uncontrolled and uneven distribution of the temperature (i.e. hot and cold spot
generation in the same system).
8. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Hydrodynamic Cavitation
Cavitations are generated by varying
conditions of pressure and velocity with
the help of geometries like orifice plates
and venturi tubes.
Temperature of the order 2000 K is
generated at the micro level in cavitation
bubble which is helpful for the reaction
[13].
Advantages
1) Better scale up possibilities
2) Higher yield in shorter reaction time
3) Less energy consumptions
10 October 2023 8
Process Intensification Techniques Cont.
9. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Limitations of hydrodynamic cavitation
1) Catalyst requirement
2) Cleaning and Maintenance
3) Higher energy consumption compared to hybrid
4) Practical difficulties associated with in-situ biodiesel production
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10. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
In situ Biodiesel production
Elimination of oil extraction and
refining stages, leads to 70% cost
reduction.
Methanol acts as a solvent and
reactant both.
Higher product yield.
Reduces overall process time.
10 October 2023 10
Seeds
Crushing
Hexane extraction (Oil)
Transesterification
(Biodiesel)
Downstream
Seeds
In-situ
Transesterification
Downstream
Conventional
Transesterification
In-situ
Transesterification
11. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Engine performance testing
It has been observed in the literature that, there is significant
improvement in engine performance while using biodiesel blends up
to certain limit (B25) without any engine modification.
Certain engine performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency,
brake specific fuel consumption etc.) and emission parameters (CO,
UHC, NOx)are required to be analyzed.
Moreover, different additives (butanol, pentanol, acetone etc.) are
found to be important for combustion property improvement in
diesel engine.
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12. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Effect on brake thermal Efficiency of
Biodiesel blending
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 3 6 9 12
Brake
Thermal
Efficiency,
ɳ
Load, kg
B0 B5 B10 B15 B20 B25
13. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel
Blending
CO Emission HC Emission
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0.000
20.000
40.000
60.000
80.000
100.000
120.000
140.000
1 3 6 9 12
HC
in
ppm
Load,kg
B0 B5 B10 B15 B20 B25
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
1 3 6 9 12
%
of
CO
Load, kg
B0 B5 B10 B15 B20 B25
14. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Effect of butanol+Biodiesel+Diesel blends on
Engine Performance
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0 20 40 60 80 100
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Load [%]
BTE
[%]
Diesel
Diesel
B30
B30
B15Bu15
B15Bu15
B20Bu20
B20Bu20
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Load [%]
BSFC
(kg/kWh)
Diesel
Diesel
B30
B30
B15Bu15
B15Bu15
B20Bu20
B20Bu20