1) Global challenges like environmental pollution, global warming, and fossil fuel depletion have increased focus on producing green and sustainable fuels like biodiesel. 2) Conventional biodiesel production techniques using mechanical stirring have limitations like long reaction times, high energy usage, and lower yields. 3) New process intensification techniques like ultrasound, microwave irradiation, and hydrodynamic cavitation can overcome these limitations and produce biodiesel faster with less energy and higher yields. 4) Further research is still needed to optimize these techniques and evaluate biodiesel and biodiesel blend performance in engines.

1. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Motivation
10 October 2023 1
Today each country is facing global challenges like:
1) Environmental air pollution
2) Global warming
3) Fossil fuel depletion
• COP 21 – Conference on climate change, Paris, 2015
• NITI Aayog – Indian govt. initiative to produce green and sustainable fuel
• Diesel consumption is 52% of total petroleum fuel consumption in India[1]
• Diesel Engine compatible fuel
• Bharat Stage VI[2]
• Reduced emission

2. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Conventional Technique for Biodiesel
Production (Mechanical Stirring)
 Agitator or magnetic stirrer is used for homogeneous mixing of oil and
methanol in the presence of catalyst to accelerate reaction.
10 October 2023 2

3. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Limitations of conventional technique
1) Higher reaction time for reaction to complete (1-8 hrs)
2) High energy consumption (~94.3 kJ/liter)
3) Catalyst requirement
4) Lower yield of biodiesel (90-92 %)
5) Glycerol as a by product (Supply can exceed demand)
6) Costly
10 October 2023 3

4. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Process Intensification Techniques
 Ultrasound Assisted Intensification
 Microwave Assisted Intensification
 Hybrid technique
 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
10 October 2023 4

5. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Ultrasound Assisted Intensification
 Ultrasound : 20 kHz to 40 kHz
 Types of Ultrasound transducer : (i) Probe type
(ii) Bath type
 Power : 40- 1000 W
 Lab facility: 50 to 750 W
 Acoustic cavitation occurs between oil and alcohol leading
to transesterification reaction in the presence of catalyst.
 Advantages:
1) Higher biodiesel yield with less reaction time (3 to 30
minutes)
2) Less energy consumption
3) Requires two step process for high FFA content oil
10 October 2023 5
Process Intensification Techniques Cont.

6. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Microwave Assisted Intensification
 Microwave is electromagnetic radiation with frequency
ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz
 Power varies between 100 W to 1000 W
 Energy is supplied directly to the reactants, thus
eliminating heat transfer limitations between reactants
due to ionic conduction and dipolar polarization.
 Advantages
1) Fast reaction (1-10 minutes)
2) Easy separation of glycerol
3) Less energy consumption (~4.32 kJ/liter)
10 October 2023 6
Process Intensification Techniques Cont.

7. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Limitations of Ultrasound and Microwave
Intensification
10 October 2023 7
Ultrasound Limitation
Maintaining the stable and uniform cavitational activity in large scale sonochemical
reactor is a major challenge.
Microwave Limitation
Microwave based technologies have the limitations of penetration depth,
uncontrolled and uneven distribution of the temperature (i.e. hot and cold spot
generation in the same system).

8. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Hydrodynamic Cavitation
 Cavitations are generated by varying
conditions of pressure and velocity with
the help of geometries like orifice plates
and venturi tubes.
 Temperature of the order 2000 K is
generated at the micro level in cavitation
bubble which is helpful for the reaction
[13].
 Advantages
1) Better scale up possibilities
2) Higher yield in shorter reaction time
3) Less energy consumptions
10 October 2023 8
Process Intensification Techniques Cont.

9. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Limitations of hydrodynamic cavitation
1) Catalyst requirement
2) Cleaning and Maintenance
3) Higher energy consumption compared to hybrid
4) Practical difficulties associated with in-situ biodiesel production
10 October 2023 9

10. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
In situ Biodiesel production
 Elimination of oil extraction and
refining stages, leads to 70% cost
reduction.
 Methanol acts as a solvent and
reactant both.
 Higher product yield.
 Reduces overall process time.
10 October 2023 10
Seeds
Crushing
Hexane extraction (Oil)
Transesterification
(Biodiesel)
Downstream
Seeds
In-situ
Transesterification
Downstream
Conventional
Transesterification
In-situ
Transesterification

11. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Engine performance testing
 It has been observed in the literature that, there is significant
improvement in engine performance while using biodiesel blends up
to certain limit (B25) without any engine modification.
 Certain engine performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency,
brake specific fuel consumption etc.) and emission parameters (CO,
UHC, NOx)are required to be analyzed.
 Moreover, different additives (butanol, pentanol, acetone etc.) are
found to be important for combustion property improvement in
diesel engine.
10 October 2023 11

12. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Effect on brake thermal Efficiency of
Biodiesel blending
10 October 2023 12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 3 6 9 12
Brake
Thermal
Efficiency,
ɳ
Load, kg
B0 B5 B10 B15 B20 B25

13. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel
Blending
CO Emission HC Emission
10 October 2023 13
0.000
20.000
40.000
60.000
80.000
100.000
120.000
140.000
1 3 6 9 12
HC
in
ppm
Load,kg
B0 B5 B10 B15 B20 B25
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
1 3 6 9 12
%
of
CO
Load, kg
B0 B5 B10 B15 B20 B25

14. P A N D I T D E E N D A Y A L P E T R O L E U M U N I V E R S I T Y - R A I S A N,
G A N D H I N A G A R
Effect of butanol+Biodiesel+Diesel blends on
Engine Performance
10 October 2023 14
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Load [%]
BTE
[%]
Diesel
Diesel
B30
B30
B15Bu15
B15Bu15
B20Bu20
B20Bu20
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Load [%]
BSFC
(kg/kWh)
Diesel
Diesel
B30
B30
B15Bu15
B15Bu15
B20Bu20
B20Bu20