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Integrated coastal management problem and prospect
1. Introduction:
Coast is the zone of interaction between land and sea where both land & oceanic
processes works. It is most dynamic, resourceful and disaster prone zone of any
country. Coastal zone always include floodplains, mangroves, marshes, and fringing
coral reefs. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) or integrated coastal
management (ICM) is a process for the management of the coast using an integrated
approach, regarding all aspects of the coastal zone. ICZM is a dynamic,
multidisciplinary and iterative process to promote sustainable management of coastal
zones. It covers the full cycle of information collection, planning (in its broadest
sense), decision making, management and monitoring of implementation. ICZM uses
the informed participation and cooperation of all stakeholders to assess the societal
goals in a given coastal area, and to take actions towards meeting these objectives.
ICZM seeks, over the long-term, to balance environmental, economic, social, cultural
and recreational objectives, all within the limits set by natural dynamics. 'Integrated' in
ICZM refers to the integration of objectives and also to the integration of the many
instruments needed to meet these objectives. It means integration of all relevant policy
areas, sectors, and levels of administration. It means integration of the terrestrial and
marine components of the target territory, in both time and space.
2. Objectives:
The main objectives of this report are as under
 To know the Integrated Coastal Zone Management
 To know The coastal zone of Bangladesh along with the World prospects
 To know about The importance of the Coastal Zone and the need for
management
 To know Prospect and Problems with coastal zone management
3. Method:
I have made this assignment by using Microsoft Office Word Document. The data
used in this assignment, all are the secondary data. Most are the collected from
electronic web media, various books, journals & newspapers. By using this, we tried
to make the assignment more meaningful & informatics. Then it is arranged according
to our own concept.

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Integrated coastal management problem and prospect
4. Integrated Coastal Zone Management:
Coastal zone management involves managing coastal areas to balance environmental,
economic, human health, and human activities. Coastal Management integrates the
biological, physical, and policy sciences to plan and execute sustainable solutions for
environmental challenges where land meets water.
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is a resource management system
following an integrative, holistic approach and an interactive planning process in
addressing the complex management issues in the coastal area (Thia-Eng, C. 1993)
These definitions are from (Vallega, A. 2002) Coastal Management: the Integration
Principle. "The overall objective of an integrated management programme, like
ICZM, is to provide for the best long-term and sustainable use of coastal natural
resources and for perpetual mantenance of the most natural environment"
UNEP 1995 "An adaptive process of resource management for environmentally
sustainable development in coastal areas. It is not a substitute for sectoral planning,
but focuses on the linkages between sectoral activities to achieve more comprehensive
goals"
5. The coastal zone of Bangladesh along with the World prospects:
Bangladesh has a difficult coastline with many rivers and distributaries and complex
ecology which is affected by natural hazards like cyclones, coastal flooding, tidal
surges, salinity and the like phenomenon. The coastline is of 734 km involving coastal
and island communities of about 50 million people, nearly about one-third of the total
population of Bangladesh. The coastal areas of Bangladesh have been classified into
two broad categories viz. interior coast and exterior coast.
Figure 1: Coastal zone of Bangladesh

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Integrated coastal management problem and prospect
Depending on the geomorphological features, coastal zones of Bangladesh can
broadly be divided into the following three regions:
The Eastern Region: Morphologically the eastern coastline of Bangladesh started
from the big Feni river to Badar Mokam (southern tip of the mainland) along
Chittagong can be classified as a “Pacific Type" coast running parallel to the young
(Tertiary) folded hill ranges.
Figure 2: The Eastern Region

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Integrated coastal management problem and prospect
The Central Region: This region begins from the Tebegins from the Tetulia river to
the big Feni river estuary including the mouth of the Meghna river upto the confluence
of the Padma (Ganges-Brahmaputra) and the Meghna river near Chadpur.
Figure 3: The Central Region

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Integrated coastal management problem and prospect
The Western Region: The western region covers the coastline westward from the
Tetulia River to the international boundary (India) located at the Hariabangha River.
The region is mostly covered with dense mangrove forests with deeply scoured tidal
channels of the tidal plain overlapping abandoned Ganges delta.
Figure 4: The Western Region

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Integrated coastal management problem and prospect
5.1. Why coastal zone is needed to be managed?
The coast of Bangladesh is prone to natural disasters like cyclone, storm surge and
flood. The combination of natural and man-made hazards, such as erosion, high
arsenic content in ground water, water logging, earthquake, water and soil salinity,
various forms of pollution, risks from climate change, etc, have adversely affected
lives and livelihoods in the coastal zone and slowed down the pace of social and
economic developments in this region. Due to lack of appropriate guidelines for
natural resource conservation and utilization, land use conflicts occur and the coastal
zone turned into areas of major conflicts. Moreover the local communities have been
haphazardly utilizing these resources, resulting in complete destruction of some of
them (e.g. Chakaria Sundarban mangrove forest), some being over-utilized (e.g.
coastal shrimp farming, natural fish stock) while some other resources remain under-
utilized (e.g. molluscs, seaweeds). Increasing population, competition for limited
resources, natural and man-made hazards, lack of economic opportunities, important
ecological hot spots, etc, calls for distinctive coastal management.
5.2. The importance of the Coastal Zone and the need for management:
The dynamic processes that occur within the coastal zones produce diverse and
productive ecosystems which have been of great importance historically for human
populations. Coastal margins equate to only 8% of the worlds surface area but provide
25% of global productivity. Stress on this environment comes with approximately
70% of the world’s population being within a day’s walk of the coast. Two-thirds of
the world’s cities occur on the coast. Valuable resources such as fish and minerals are
considered to be common property and are in high demand for coastal dwellers for
subsistence use, recreation and economic development. Through the perception of
common property, these resources have been subjected to intensive and specific
exploitation. For example; 90% of the world’s fish harvest comes from within national
exclusive economic zones, most of which are within the sight of shore. This type of
practice has led to a problem that has cumulative effects. The addition of other
activities adds to the strain placed on this environment. As a whole, human activity in
the coastal zone generally degrades the systems by taking unsustainable quantities of
resources. The effects are further exacerbated with the input of pollutant wastes. This
provides the need for management. Due to the complex nature of human activity in
this zone a holistic approach is required to obtain a sustainable outcome.

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Integrated coastal management problem and prospect
5.3. Status of Integrated Coastal Zone management in Bangladesh:
 Management of Coastal People
 Management of Coastal Resources
 Management of Coastal Economy
 Management of Coastal Environment
 Sustainable Management of all above issues
 Population Growth
 Infrastructure
 Demand/Supply Analysis
 Analysis of Opportunity
 Analysis of Challenges
6. Prospect and Problems with coastal zone management:
The coastal zone is an area where great numbers of human activities demand use of
the coastal space and therefore it has a special role in protecting the sea. The sea has a
profound influence on the coastal environment and its use by the people. But human
use also has a profound influence on the environmental state of the coastal waters. The
habitats of many plant and animal species in the coastal zone are more numerous than
other places in the sea. For the people the coast is the area where they come into
contact with the sea.
Beach tourists the environmental health of the coast has a direct influence on the
health of the local population and the tourists. The coastal zone is particularly
vulnerable to pollution and damage, both direct and indirect, from human activity. The
destruction or pollution of habitats there can destroy or drive away dependent species
thus influencing the entire food chain all the way up to humans. Insufficiently treated
wastewaters may contain pathogens, as for example the microbiological contaminants
causing hepatitis-A or meningitis. The poor quality of coastal waters has a negative
influence not only on life in the sea but also on tourism and the whole coastal
economy.
The economic activity of municipalities along the Black Sea is of particular
significance for protecting the sea. One economic use of the coastal zone quite often
denies opportunities to other activities. The construction of coastal highways limits the
development of coastal tourism and wildlife reserves. The construction of hotels on
the beach and in the immediate vicinity of the shore puts a burden of waste from
human activities on the environment and the quality of the beach and the coastal
waters deteriorate.

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Integrated coastal management problem and prospect
The growth of beach resorts is a reason for concern. In many places the restrictions on
construction are not observed. Powerful interest groups are trying to take entire
sections of the coast that contain the most significant biodiversity. Many hotels, both
new and old discharge much of their waste straight into the waterways without
treatment. Even this changing of the local environment can have huge effects.
Industrial enterprises also contribute to the coastal pollution. Farming can cause
nutrients and pesticides, harmful to the marine environment and human health, to be
washed into the water through runoff. The felling of trees can lead to unstable topsoil,
leading to erosion, which has become a very serious problem for the Bulgarian coast.
Even dams and dikes can stop the flow of important sediments into the sea, thus
weakening beaches that act as normal storm breakers.
One of the reasons for the chaotic development of our coast is the fact that so far the
interests of all legitimate users have not been recognized. All too often the various
administrations and businesses pursue their narrow interests without much
communication between each other and without discussing their future plans. To
protect the coast however we need to make long term integrated planning and to
recognize the legitimate interests of all users that may be affected by a certain change.
The process is well known as Integrated Coastal Zone Management. It involves
compromise and insurance of strict environmental standards. The construction of an
industrial complex or a port on the coast would be incompatible with the development
of tourism and may also destroy some valuable protected territory. It is difficult to
take into account everybody’s demands, though it is of particular importance for
powerful business interests to realize that the cheapest option may not always be the
most sustainable.

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Integrated coastal management problem and prospect
7. Key initiatives needed for the coastal zone management:
Dissemination of information to assist decision-making: Fragmented management of
coastal resources and restricted sharing of information have resulted in poor
awareness and knowledge among coastal dwellers (Sekhar, 2005). It is therefore
important to disseminate information among all stakeholders and ensure their active
participation.
Harmonizing sectoral policies, plans and laws: Lack of coordination between
different local agencies and power structures often makes it difficult to implement
integrated programmes. If departmental goals are in conflict, effective participation in
integrated programmes by the agencies involved may be awkward (Sekhar, 2005).
Therefore, harmonizing national policies and mainstreaming the ICZM approach into
sectoral policies is of great importance
Appreciation of ecosystem linkages: Linkages among coastal, marine and freshwater
systems (watersheds, river basins) are increasingly becoming recognized as critical to
the successful management of coastal systems.
Improved governance: Overall improvement of governance is important to ensure
accountability and transparency in coastal zone management. Enactment of coastal
legislation might be important in curbing conflicting and environmentally detrimental
activities (Olsen and Christie, 2000).
Ensuring sustained political support: Sustained political support is indispensable to
the success of the ICZM process. To generate such political and public support,
demonstration of integrated regional and local programmes is important.
8. Conclusion:
The coast of Bangladesh is known as a zone of vulnerabilities as well as opportunities.
It has a great importance since pre-historic times for its abundance in natural
resources. Coastal zone management is very necessary for our country. Through
integrated coastal zone management a sustainable development of coastal region take
place. For this reason various coastal management program has been taken for
sustainable development and conservation of biodiversity and natural resources. The
instruments for implementation of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management is the
effective enforcement of regulations and environmental impact assessment, which is a
method of consideration of all possible environmental effects resulting from a given
project.

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Integrated coastal management problem and prospect
9. References:
Thia-Eng, C. 1993. Essential elements of integrated coastal zone management. Ocean
and Coastal Management 21:81-108.
Vallega, A. 2002, Coastal Management: the Integration Principle.
KAY, R. & ALDER, J. 1999. Coastal Planning and Management, London, E & FN
Spon.
BROWN, K., TOMPKINS, E. L. & ADGER, N. 2002. Making Waves: Integrating
coastal conservation and development, London, Earthscan Publications Limited.
CROOKS, S. & TURNER, R. K. 1999. Integrated coastal management: sustaining
estuarine natural resources. Advances in Ecological Research, 29, 241-289.
BERKES, F. 1989. Common property resources: Ecology and community-based
sustainable development, London.
Sekhar, 2005 & Olsen and Christie, 2000. Key initiative: coastal zone management.
Black Sea SCENE 2019. Problems with coastal zone & Marine protected areas.