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2.  Antibiotics have always been considered one of the
wonder discoveries of the 20th century. The discovery of
antibiotics is rightly considered one of the most
significant health-related events of modern times.
 Before the discovery of antibiotics, there was nothing
much anybody could do. There was nothing to fight
against it. Streptococcus pyogenes caused half of all
post-birth death and was a major cause of death from
burns. About 80% of the patient was died because of it.
 But all this changed with the development of antibiotics.
So we can say that, antibiotics is a blessing for us.

3.  Antibiotics also known as antimicrobial drugs, are
drugs that fight infections caused by bacteria.
 The term “antibiotic” originally referred to a natural
compound produced by a fungus or another
microorganism that kills bacteria which cause
diseases in humans or animals. Some antibiotics
may be synthetic compounds (not produced by
microorganism) that can also kill of inhibit growth
of microbes.
Example : Amoxicillin, Amphicillin

4. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and
development of antibacterial began in Germany with
Poul Ehrilich in the late 1880s. After screening
hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907.
He discovered a medicinally useful drug, called
arsphenamine. Later in 1928 Alexander Fleming
noticed the same effect in Petri dish. Fleming
postulated that the effect is medicated by an
antibacterial compound. He named penicillin. After
the first use of antibiotics in the 1940s, they
transformed medical care and dramatically reduced
illness. In 1939 with the start of world war II Rene
Dubous responded the discovery of the first naturally
derived antibiotic tyrothnicim.

6. Antibiotic has several classification but mainly it is
classified into six groups.
1. Cell wall synthesis.
2. Protein synthesis inhibitors.
3. DNA synthesis inhibitors.
4. RNA synthesis inhibitors.
5. Mycolic acid synthesis inhibitors.
6. Folic acid synthesis inhibitors.

7.  Penicillin – Ex: Amoxicillin
 Cephalosporin – Ex: Cefazalin
 Vancomycin – Ex: Vancomycin
 Data lactamase inhibitors – Ex: Sulbactam
 Carbapenems – Ex: Imipenem
 Aztreonam – Ex: Aztereonam
 Polymycin – Ex: Polymyxin B
 Bacitracin – Ex: Bacitracin

8. -Inhibit 30s subunit
i. Amino glycosides – Ex: Neomycin
ii. Tetracycline – Ex: Tetracycline
-Inhibit 50s subunit
i. Microlides – Ex: Erythromycin
ii. Chloramphenicol – Ex: Chloramphenicol
iii. Clindamycin – Ex: Clindamycin
iv. Streptogramins – Ex: Quinupristin

9. RNA SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
- Rifampin – Ex: Rifampin
MYCOLIC ACID SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS
- Isoniazid – Ex: Isoniazide
FOLIC ACID SYNTHEIS INHIBITORS
- Sulfonamides – EX: Sulfonamides
- -Trimethoprim – Ex: Sulfisoxazole

10.  In pharmacology, the term mechanism of
action (MOA) refers to the specific
biochemical interaction through which a a
drug substance produces it pharmacological
effect. A mechanism of action usually includes
mention of the specific molecular targets to
which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or
receptor

11.  Five basic mechanism of antibiotic action against
bacterial cells:
1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibition of protein synthesis
3. Alteration of cell membranes
4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
5. Antimetabolite activity

13.  Most common mechanism of antibiotic is inhibition
of cell wall synthesis is given below:
 Beta Lactams → Inhibition of peptidoglycan
synthesis (bactericidal)
 Vancomycin → Disrupts peptidoglycan cross-
linkage
 Bacitracin → Disrupts movement of peptidoglycan
precursors (topical use)
 Antimycobacterial agents → Disrupt mycolic acid
or arabinoglycan synthesis (bactericidal)

14.  Medicinal use: Antibiotics are mainly used for the
treatment or prevention of bacterial infections .
 Treatment:
→ Bacterial infection
→ Protozoan infection; e.g.: metronidazole and
bactrim is effective against several parasites.
→ Immunomodulation: e.g. : tetracycline which
is effective in periodontal inflammation.

16.  Oral antibiotics are taken by mouth where as
intravenous administration may be used in more
serious cases, such as systemic infection.
Antibiotics may also sometimes be administered
topically as with drops or ointments

17.  The most common side effects of antibiotics affect
the digestive system. Such as:
 Being sick
 Feeling sick
 Diarrhoea
 Bloating and indigestion
 Abdominal pain
 Loss of appetite
These side effects are usually
mild and should pass once if the course of
treatment finished.

18.  Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic
abuse or antibiotic overuse, refers to the misuse or
overuse of antibiotics, with potentially serious
effects on health. It is a contributing factor to the
development of antibiotic resistance, including the
creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally
called "super bugs": relatively harmless bacteria can
develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause
life-threatening infections.

19. Antibiotics are misused in many ways, here some are
shown below:
 Some doctors give patients antibiotics when they might not
be helpful. For example, a patient with a cold may pressure
a doctor into prescribing an antibiotic because the patient
hopes to get a quick fix to his/her illness. Antibiotics won't
cure a cold because colds are caused by viruses, not
bacteria.
 Antibiotics have no effect on viral infections. The
treatment for a cold is generally rest, plenty of fluids and
medicines for fever and headache.
 Antibiotics are misused because many patients do not take
them according to their doctor's instructions. They may
stop taking their antibiotics too soon, before their illness is
completely cured. This allows bacteria to become resistant
by not killing them completely.

20.  Reducing inappropriate antibiotic use in primary and secondary
care is only one part of the solution. Effective hygiene and
infection control must also be prioritized.
 We must work effectively across human and animal health
sectors, recognizing that human health is connected to the health
of animals and the environment. This includes working with all
health professionals, their regulatory agencies, and their
enforcement arms.
 The problems of antimicrobial resistance will only be solved
through global cooperation and mutual support from
governments across the world working through the relevant
United Nations organizations, the World Health Organization,
the Food and Agriculture Organization, and the inter-
governmental World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).

21.  We must find innovative ways to reduce
antimicrobial prescribing in primary care and in our
hospitals. Each of us can practice good hygiene and
only take antibiotics when really necessary, and we
should encourage patients to safely self-manage
minor infections, reducing reliance on
antimicrobials.
 As a society we need to recognize that antibiotics
are fundamental to how we practice modern
medicine. We must value them accordingly.

22.  So, we have got details information about antibiotics.
Though misuse of antibiotics causes many harmful
effects but it is necessary to treat bacterial infection.
In fact it saves many life by proper use.
 So research should be going on antibiotics.