Antibiotics Explained in Detail.

1. ANTIBIOTICS

2.  INTRODUCTION
 CLASSIFICATION
 USE & MISUSE
 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
 CHARACTERISTICS
 SIDE EFFECTS

3. INTRODUCTION
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial
substance active against bacteria.
It is the most important type of antibacterial
agent for fighting bacterial infections, and
antibiotic medications are widely used in the
treatment and prevention of such infections.
They may either kill or inhibit the growth of
bacteria.

4. CLASSIFICATION
Antibiotics are classified in several ways
 Based on mode of action
 Based on spectrum of activity
 Based on mechanism of action

5. CLASSIFICATION-MODE OF ACTION
2 TYPES
 Bacteriostatic-means that the agent prevents the growth of bacteria
(i.e., it keeps them in the stationary phase of growth).
 Bactericidal-means that it kills bacteria.

7. CLASSIFICATION-SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY
Broad spectrum Narrow spectrum

8. CLASSIFICATION-MECHANISM OF ACTION
1.INHIBITION OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS
2.INHIBITION OF FUNCTIONS OF
CELLULAR MEMBRANE
3. INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
4.INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID
SYNTHESIS
5.INHIBITION OF FOLIC ACID SYNTHESIS

10. USES
 Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infections. They
are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu.
Antibiotics should only be prescribed to treat health problems:
 That are not serious but are unlikely to clear up without antibiotics – such as acne
 That are not serious but could spread to other people if not promptly treated –
such as the skin infection impetigo or the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia
 Where evidence suggests that antibiotics could significantly speed up recovery –
such as a kidney infection

11. ADVANTAGES
Pros of taking antibiotics
 Antibiotics can slow the growth of and kill many types of
infection.
 In some cases, such as before surgery, antibiotics can
prevent infection from occurring.
 Antibiotics are fast-acting; some will begin working within
a few hours.
 They are easy to take: Most antibiotics are oral
medications. Your doctor may decide to give you an
injection, if it is imperative that the medicine gets into
your system quickly.

12. DISADVANTAGES
Cons of taking antibiotics
 If you take antibiotics often, your body can build a resistance to
antibiotic drugs, which could cause antibiotics to become less
effective.
 The longer the course of treatment for an antibiotic, the more
damage that can be done to the body’s immune system.
 Some antibiotics can have side effects, from digestive issues to
bone damage to sensitivity to sunlight. Make sure to read the fine
print that comes with your medicine, so that you know the risks.
 “Inappropriate use of antibiotics is creating a huge threat to the
health of our communities,”

13. MISUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS
 According to Centre's for Disease control and prevention up to
one third to one half of antibiotic use in human is unnecessary and
in appropriate.
 Antibiotics have been given for everything from headaches to
ingrown toenail. They are swallowed, sucked, injected and
smeared, they are painted on cuts , dumped in to wounds.
 Antibiotics do not treat the patient, Antibiotics treat bacterial
infection
 In addition antibiotics now included in animal feed which are given
to promote growth in animals, many of these antibiotics are then
ingested by humans through consuming animal products

14. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
 The overuse & misuse of antibiotics has contributed to one of the
world’s most pressing public health problem today.– Antibiotic
Resistance.
What is Antibiotic resistance?
 When an Antibiotic no longer has an effect on certain strain of
bacteria, those bacteria is said to be resistant bacteria.

16. RATIONAL USE
Rational use requires that patient receive
medicines appropriate to their clinical needs in
doses to meet individual requirements for an
adequate period of time at the lowest cost to
them (WHO 1998)
Correct Drug; Correct Dose ; Correct Duration

17. IRRATIONAL USE
Consequences of irrational antibiotic use
 Ineffective and unsafe treatment
 More serious illness
 Longer recovery or prolongation of illness
 More frequent or hospitalization
 Increased adverse effects
 More expensive treatment
 Loss of patients confidence in doctors

19. SIDE EFFECTS

20. THANK YOU…