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(Public health) health economics in pashto language by dr. kalimullah wardak

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Kalimullah Wardak
Kalimullah Wardak

monetary value, cost-effectiveness, the concept of economics, costs, benefits, trade-off

Health & Medicine
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ARRANGED BY: KALIMULLAH (WARDAK) INSTRUCTOR PROF: DR. ARGHANDABI ‫ن‬‫پوهنتو‬ ‫کندهار‬ ‫د‬ ‫پوهنځۍ‬ ‫طب‬ ‫د‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫اهلل‬ ‫بسم‬ ‫الرحيم‬ 2014-02-24 ۱۳۹۲-۱۲-۵ /
‫و‬ ‫آشنا‬‫سره‬ ‫مفاهيمو‬ ‫الندې‬ ‫له‬ ‫تاسو‬ ‫به‬ ‫که‬ ‫پای‬ ‫په‬ ‫پرېزنټېشن‬ ‫ددې‬ ‫ئ‬ : .1 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬ ‫او‬ ‫تعريف‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫د‬ .2 ‫هدف‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬ ‫د‬ ( Value for money ) .3 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫کاذب‬ .4 Cost effectiveness and efficiency .5 Opportunity cost .6 Cost, benefits an trade-offs
‫اقتصاد؛‬‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫؟‬‫ئ‬‫لر‬ ‫ت‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ضر‬ ‫ته‬‫پوهې‬ ‫ه‬‫ړ‬‫ا‬ ‫په‬‫تاسو‬‫يې‬ ‫ولې‬‫او‬ • ‫په‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫به‬‫ژ‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫د‬ ‫قلتونو‬ (Scarcity) ‫پوهه‬ ‫ده‬ . ‫او‬ ‫قلت‬ ‫د‬ ‫ټولو‬ ‫تونو‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ضر‬ ‫په‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫پو‬ ‫کولو‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ۍ‬ ‫بېوس‬ ‫ته‬ ‫ويل‬ ‫ي‬‫کېږ‬ . ‫چې‬ ‫له‬ ‫مخې‬ ‫يې‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫هڅه‬ ‫ي‬‫کو‬ ‫ې‬ ‫داس‬ ‫يو‬ ‫سيستم‬ ‫امنځته‬‫ر‬ ‫او‬ ‫تطبيق‬ ‫ي‬‫کړ‬ ‫چې‬ ‫د‬ ‫سخ‬ ‫تو‬ ‫تصاميمو‬ ‫ل‬‫نيو‬ ‫ي‬‫ممکنو‬ ‫او‬ ‫له‬ ‫دې‬ ‫ې‬‫الر‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬‫ډېر‬ ‫خلکو‬ ‫ګټې‬ ‫ي‬‫تأمينو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ا‬ ‫معموال‬ ‫تاسو‬ ‫هم‬ ‫ې‬ ‫پکښ‬ ‫ۍ‬‫شاملېږ‬ . • ‫د‬ ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫ساحه‬ ‫د‬ Healthcare ‫په‬ ‫ۍ‬‫نړ‬ ‫کې‬ ‫د‬ ‫همدې‬ ‫اقتصادي‬ ‫وسائلو‬ ‫او‬ ‫نظريو‬ ‫له‬ ‫تطبيق‬ ‫څخ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ت‬‫ر‬‫عبا‬ ،‫ده‬ ‫او‬ ‫په‬ ‫عمومي‬ ،‫توګه‬ Healthcare ‫يوه‬ ‫له‬ ‫قلت‬ ‫سره‬ ‫مخ‬ ‫منبع‬ (Resource) ‫ده‬ ‫چې‬ ‫هره‬ ‫تيا‬‫ړ‬‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نش‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫پو‬ ‫کولی؛‬ ‫او‬ ‫متأسفانه‬ ‫ځينې‬ ‫وخت‬ ‫تاسو‬ ‫هم‬ ‫لدې‬ ‫قلته‬ ‫متأثره‬ ‫ۍ‬‫کېږ‬ . 3 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫ډېر‬ ‫خلک‬ ‫د‬ ‫خپلو‬ ‫پيسو‬ ‫ضياع‬ ‫نه‬ ‫ي‬‫خوښو‬ . ‫او‬ ‫تر‬ ‫ټولو‬ ‫نکی‬‫و‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫ځو‬ ‫د‬ ‫هغه‬ ‫څه‬ ‫ل‬‫انيو‬‫ر‬ ‫دي‬ ‫چې‬ ‫يواځې‬ ‫د‬ ‫کتلو‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫لپا‬ ‫يې‬ ‫له‬ ‫تنه‬‫ر‬‫کا‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫ايستل‬ ‫په‬ ‫ماتېدلو‬ ‫او‬ ‫له‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫کا‬ ‫لوېدلو‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ . ‫په‬ ‫لنډو‬ ‫ټکو؛‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫ټو‬ ‫ل‬ ( ‫ښت‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫د‬ ‫پيسو‬ ‫په‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫کې‬ Value for money/ ) ،‫و‬‫غواړ‬ ‫چې‬ ‫همدا‬ ‫د‬ ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫اقتصادپوه‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫هم‬ ‫دی‬ . ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫پوه‬ ‫هڅه‬ ‫ي‬‫کو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫د‬ ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫خدماتو‬ ‫له‬ ‫عرضه‬ ‫نکي‬‫و‬‫کو‬ ‫سره‬ ‫د‬ ‫پيسو‬ ‫په‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫کې‬ ‫د‬ ‫با‬ ‫ښته‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫خدمات‬ ‫و‬ ‫په‬ ‫اندې‬‫ړ‬‫و‬ ‫کولو‬ ‫کې‬ ‫مرسته‬ ،‫ي‬‫وکړ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ياهم‬ ‫ې‬ ‫پداس‬ ‫څه‬ ‫کې‬ ‫له‬ ‫پانګې‬ ‫نې‬‫و‬‫اچو‬ ‫ی‬‫مخنيو‬ ‫ي‬‫وکړ‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نش‬ ‫کولی‬ ( ‫د‬ ‫پيسو‬ ‫په‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ښت‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ) ‫عرضه‬ ‫ي‬‫کړ‬ . ‫اوس‬ ‫نو‬ ‫څه‬ ‫ل‬‫ډو‬ ‫کولی‬ ‫شو‬ ‫اعظمي‬ ‫ښت‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫د‬ ‫پيسو‬ ‫په‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫کې‬ ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫خد‬ ،‫ماتو‬ ‫شفاخانې‬ ‫او‬ ‫مريض‬ ‫ته‬ ‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫په‬ ‫برخه‬ ‫؟‬‫و‬‫کړ‬ 4 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫اځۍ‬‫ر‬ ‫يو‬ ‫لنډ‬ ‫ګام‬ ‫پرشا‬ ‫والړ‬ ‫شو‬ .... ‫مونږ‬ ‫ته‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اصل‬ ( ‫د‬ ‫پيسو‬ ‫په‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ښت‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ) ‫څه‬ ‫معنی‬ ‫؟‬‫ي‬‫لر‬ ‫دا‬ ‫سره‬ ‫لدې‬ ‫چې‬ ‫و‬‫ډېر‬ ‫خلکو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫يو‬ ‫واضح‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ،‫ي‬‫لر‬ ‫کېدای‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫په‬ ‫مختلفو‬ ‫موضوعاتو‬ ‫کې‬ ‫د‬ ‫استعمالېدو‬ ‫له‬ ‫مخ‬ ‫ې‬ ‫څو‬ ‫معناګانې‬ ‫ي‬‫کړ‬‫ر‬‫و‬ . ‫ډېر‬ ‫ځله‬ ‫خلک‬ ‫د‬ ‫مطلوب‬ ‫توکي‬ ‫په‬ ‫لږه‬ ‫بيه‬ ‫السته‬ ‫ل‬‫ړ‬‫او‬‫ر‬ ( ‫د‬ ‫پيسو‬ ‫په‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ښت‬‫ز‬‫ر‬ ) ‫بولي‬ . 5 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
۱ ‫مثال‬ : ‫د‬ ‫پيسو‬ ‫په‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ښت؟‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ( ‫ما‬‫ز‬ ‫موټر‬ ‫د‬ ‫پيسو‬ ‫په‬ ‫مقابل‬ ‫کې‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ی‬‫لو‬ ‫ښت‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ،‫و‬ ‫ې‬‫یواز‬ ‫په‬ ۵۰۰ ‫و‬‫ر‬‫يو‬ ‫مې‬ ‫ی‬‫انيو‬‫ر‬ . ) ‫مونږ‬ ‫ټولو‬ ‫پخپل‬ ‫ند‬‫و‬‫ژ‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ته‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫ې‬‫خبر‬ ،‫ې‬‫کړ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ل‬‫ټو‬ ‫و‬‫پوهېږ‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ددې‬ ‫جملې‬ ‫ر‬‫و‬‫ژ‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫همېشه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نش‬ ‫يښتيا‬‫ر‬ ،‫کېدلی‬ ‫او‬ ‫نه‬ ‫هم‬ ‫دا‬ ‫توکيو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫د‬ ‫کتلو‬ ‫ترټولو‬ ‫ښه‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫ده‬ .  ‫څنګه‬ ‫به‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫که‬ ‫ې‬‫چېر‬ ‫دا‬ ‫موټر‬ ‫تر‬ ‫و‬‫ر‬‫نو‬ ‫متبادلو‬ ‫انو‬‫ر‬‫موټ‬ ‫ډېر‬ ‫ض‬‫ر‬‫عوا‬ ‫؟‬‫ي‬‫کړ‬‫ر‬‫و‬  ‫څنګه‬ ‫به‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫که‬ ‫ې‬‫چېر‬ ‫ل‬‫ټو‬ ‫غوښتل‬ ‫ي‬‫شو‬ ‫سهولتونه‬ ‫ونه‬ ‫؟‬‫ي‬‫لر‬  ‫څنګه‬ ‫به‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫که‬ ‫ې‬‫چېر‬ ‫يې‬ ‫د‬ ‫تېلو‬ ‫ف‬‫ر‬‫مصا‬ ‫و‬‫ر‬‫ترنو‬ ‫ډېر‬ ‫؟‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ځينې‬ ‫خلک‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫مفکو‬ ( ‫کاذب‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ) ‫بولي‬ . ‫تاسو‬ ‫ې‬‫يواز‬ ‫په‬ ‫بيه‬ ‫تمرکز‬ ،‫ی‬‫کړ‬ ‫او‬ ‫په‬ ‫واقعي‬ ‫ېد‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫نه‬ ‫مو‬ ‫سر‬ ‫ندی‬ ‫خوږولی‬ . ‫کېدای‬ ‫ي‬ ‫س‬ ‫ددې‬ ‫موټر‬ ‫د‬‫ږ‬‫او‬ ‫مهاله‬ ‫ف‬‫ر‬‫مصا‬ ‫ترهغه‬ ‫موټر‬ ‫ډېر‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫چې‬ ‫تاسو‬ ‫په‬ ۱۰۰۰ ‫و‬‫ر‬‫يو‬ ‫ی‬‫انيو‬‫ر‬ ‫شوای‬ . 6 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫نو‬ ‫کېدای‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫چې‬ ( ‫د‬ ‫پيسو‬ ‫په‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ښت‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ) ‫يو‬ ‫خطا‬ ‫ايستونکی‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫وګرځي‬ . ‫مونږ‬ ‫تقريب‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫پر‬ ‫بيې‬ ‫سربېره‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬‫ر‬‫نو‬ ‫شيانو‬ ‫په‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫کې‬ ‫نيولو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫ت‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ضر‬ ‫و‬‫لر‬ . ‫مونږ‬ ‫بايد‬ ‫ځير‬ ‫و‬‫و‬ ‫چې‬ ‫څه‬ ،‫انيسو‬‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫څه‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫لپا‬ ‫يې‬ ،‫انيسو‬‫ر‬ ‫او‬ ‫د‬ ‫څومره‬ ‫وخت‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫لپا‬ ‫يې‬ ‫و‬‫و‬‫کار‬ . ‫د‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫په‬ ،‫به‬‫ژ‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫بايد‬ ‫د‬ ‫مصنوعاتو‬ ‫دمهالې‬‫ږ‬‫او‬ ‫ګټې‬ ‫په‬ ‫پام‬ ‫ک‬ ‫ې‬ ،‫ونيسو‬ ‫او‬ ‫په‬ ‫سمي‬‫ر‬ ‫به‬‫ژ‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫بايد‬ Cost-effectiveness ‫په‬ ‫پام‬ ‫کې‬ ‫و‬‫ولر‬ . • ‫اقتصادپوهان‬ ‫لدې‬ ‫سره‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫تړلې‬ ‫نظريه‬ ( ‫د‬ efficiency ‫په‬ ‫نامه‬ ) ‫ي‬‫و‬‫کار‬ . ‫او‬ ‫هغه‬ ‫نتيجې‬ ‫ته‬ ‫د‬ ‫سېدلو‬‫ر‬ ‫په‬ ‫خاط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د‬ ‫ې‬‫يو‬ ‫منبع‬ Resource ‫د‬ ‫ښه‬ ‫لو‬‫و‬‫کار‬ ‫ه‬‫ز‬‫اندا‬ ‫ي‬‫ګير‬ ‫ده‬ . ‫مونږ‬ ‫به‬ ‫ددې‬ ‫نظريې‬ ‫په‬ ‫ه‬‫ړ‬‫ا‬ ‫وسته‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مفصل‬ ‫وغږ‬ ،‫و‬‫ېږ‬ ‫مګر‬ ‫په‬ ‫لنډو‬ ‫ټکو‬ : ‫يوڅه‬ ‫چې‬ Cost-effective ‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ا‬ ‫معموال‬ Efficient ‫هم‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬ . 7 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
Fun Break 8 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫په‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫کې‬ ‫له‬ ‫و‬‫ډېر‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫نظريو‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫هم‬ ‫د‬ ( Opportunity Cost / ‫د‬ ‫فرصت‬ ‫بيه‬ ) ،‫ده‬ ‫مګر‬ ‫ا‬ ‫معموال‬ ‫په‬ ‫ساده‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫څوک‬ ‫نه‬ ‫ې‬‫پر‬ ‫ي‬‫پوهېږ‬ . ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫ډېر‬ ‫نېکمرغه‬ ‫وم‬ ‫چې‬ ‫په‬ ‫ډېر‬ ‫کوچنيتوب‬ ‫لدې‬ ‫مفهوم‬ ‫سره‬ ‫بلد‬ ‫شوم‬ ‫؛‬ ‫پلر‬ ‫به‬ ‫مې‬ ‫يوڅه‬ ‫جېب‬ ‫خرڅ‬ ‫اکولو‬‫ر‬ ‫او‬ ‫اته‬‫ر‬ ‫ويل‬ ‫به‬ ‫يې‬ : ( ‫په‬ ‫ياد‬ ‫دې‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫چې‬ ‫يواځې‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ځل‬ ‫يې‬ ‫مصرفولی‬ ‫ې‬ ‫ش‬ )! . ‫دا‬ ‫د‬ ‫فرصت‬ ‫د‬ ‫بيې‬ ‫په‬ ‫ه‬‫ړ‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫فکر‬ ‫کولو‬ ‫ترټولو‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫دۍ‬ . ‫که‬ ‫ې‬‫چېر‬ ‫ما‬ ‫لمي‬‫ز‬ ‫غوښتلی‬ ‫د‬ ‫چاکلېټو‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫ټوټ‬ ‫ه‬ ،‫انيسم‬‫ر‬ ‫نو‬ ‫ما‬ ‫کولی‬ ،‫شوای‬ ‫مګر‬ ‫دې‬ ‫به‬ ‫دا‬ ‫معنی‬ ‫کوله‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ما‬ ‫به‬ ‫ر‬‫نو‬ ‫د‬ ‫بوتلنو‬ ‫د‬ ‫انيولو‬‫ر‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫لپا‬ ‫ې‬ ‫پيس‬ ‫نه‬ ‫لو‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ،‫دې‬ ‫ځکه‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ې‬‫يواز‬ ‫يوځل‬ ‫خپلې‬ ‫پۍ‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫مصرفولی‬ ‫شوای‬ . ‫نو‬ ‫د‬ ‫چاکلېټو‬ ‫د‬ ‫ې‬‫يو‬ ‫ټوټې‬ ‫اخيستل‬ ‫د‬ ‫بوتلنو‬ ‫د‬ ‫اني‬‫ر‬ ‫ولو‬ ‫د‬ ‫فرصت‬ ‫په‬ ‫بيه‬ ‫تمامېدل‬ . ‫او‬ ‫دا‬ ‫هغه‬ ‫څه‬ ‫دې‬ ‫چې‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫د‬ ‫خپلو‬ ‫تصاميمو‬ ‫په‬ ‫نيولو‬ ‫کې‬ ‫له‬ ‫پامه‬ ‫ځولي‬‫ر‬‫غو‬ . 9 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫نن‬ ‫ځ‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫ما‬‫ز‬ ‫د‬ ‫فرصتونو‬ ‫د‬ ‫بيو‬ ‫ترمنځ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ې‬‫يو‬ ‫ل‬‫انتخابو‬ (Opportunity Cost trade-offs) ‫په‬ ‫دې‬ ‫ل‬‫ډو‬ ‫دي‬ ( ‫آيا‬ ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫بايد‬ ‫سږ‬ ‫کال‬ ‫يو‬ ‫ی‬‫نو‬ ‫موټر‬ ‫واخلم‬ ‫او‬ ‫که‬ ‫د‬ ‫سياحت‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫لپا‬ ‫چېرته‬ ‫سفر‬ ‫وکړم‬ )! ‫؛‬ ‫نو‬ ‫که‬ ‫ې‬‫چېر‬ ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫په‬ ‫چکر‬ ‫والړ‬ ،‫شم‬ ‫ددې‬ ‫فرصت‬ ‫بيه‬ ( Opportunity Cost ) ‫به‬ ‫هغه‬ ‫ی‬‫نو‬ ‫موټر‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫يې‬ ‫ر‬‫نو‬ ‫نشم‬ ‫انيولی‬‫ر‬ . 10 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫په‬ ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ،‫کې‬ ‫دا‬ ‫نظريه‬ ‫هغه‬ ‫ين‬‫ز‬‫تو‬ (Trade-off) ‫ډېر‬ ‫ښه‬ ‫تشرېح‬ ‫ي‬‫کو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ان‬‫ر‬‫مدي‬ ‫او‬ ‫ان‬‫ر‬‫ډاکټ‬ ‫يې‬ ‫بايد‬ ‫د‬ ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫خدماتو‬ ‫په‬ ‫چوکاټ‬ ‫کې‬ ‫د‬ ‫منابعو‬ ‫د‬ ‫مصرف‬ ‫پرمهال‬ ‫په‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ونيس‬ . ‫د‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫غ‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫تيائي‬ ‫خدمت‬ ‫د‬ ‫لو‬‫و‬‫ابر‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ ‫يښتيني‬‫ر‬ ‫بيه‬ ‫د‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫بل‬ ‫ې‬ ‫داس‬ Healthcare ‫خدمت‬ ‫له‬ ‫السه‬ ‫ل‬‫کو‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫دي‬ ‫چې‬ ‫هغه‬ ‫هم‬ ‫پخپل‬ ‫ځای‬ ‫کې‬ ‫مفيد‬ ‫دی‬ . • ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫تمه‬ ‫لرم‬ ‫چې‬ ‫تاسو‬ ‫به‬ ‫ي‬‫نو‬ ‫دې‬ ‫نتيچې‬ ‫ته‬ ‫سيدلي‬‫ر‬ ‫ۍ‬‫و‬ ‫چې‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫ل‬‫ټو‬ ‫اقتصادپوهان‬ ‫يو؛‬ ‫تاسو‬ ‫يې‬ ‫تردې‬ ‫مهاله‬ ‫په‬ ‫بشپړ‬ ‫ل‬‫ډو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫نش‬ ،‫منلی‬ ‫مګر‬ ‫ر‬‫ژ‬ ‫به‬ ‫يې‬ ‫ومنئ‬ ! ‫ټولې‬ ‫اقتصادي‬ ‫ونې‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫ې‬ ‫داس‬ ‫مشترک‬ ‫ل‬‫اصو‬ ‫ي‬‫لر‬ ‫چ‬ ‫ې‬ ‫تاسو‬ ‫وار‬ ‫له‬ ‫مخه‬ ‫سره‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫بلد‬ ‫یئ‬ . ‫او‬ ‫دا‬ ‫د‬ ‫هغه‬ ‫مصرف‬ ‫ل‬‫و‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫دي‬ ‫چې‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫يې‬ ‫د‬ ‫يوڅه‬ ‫دالسه‬ ‫لو‬‫ړ‬‫او‬‫ر‬ ‫په‬ ‫خاطر‬ ‫و‬‫کو‬ (Costs) ‫او‬ ‫دهغه‬ ‫څه‬ ‫ل‬‫و‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫دي‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ددې‬ ‫معاملې‬ ‫په‬ ‫نتيجه‬ ‫کې‬ ‫السته‬ ‫اځي‬‫ر‬ (Benefits) . 11 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫دلته‬ ‫يې‬ ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫د‬ ‫ې‬‫يو‬ ‫وصفي‬ ‫يکشنبې‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫اندې‬‫ړ‬‫و‬ ‫کوم‬ : ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫ی‬‫تږ‬ ‫يم‬ . ‫آيا‬ ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫بايد‬ ‫د‬ ‫کوڅې‬ ‫له‬ ‫مخې‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫قهوه‬ / ‫کافي‬ (Coffee) ،‫انيسم‬‫ر‬ ‫او‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سملس‬ ‫يې‬ ‫وڅښم‬ ‫ې‬ ‫پداس‬ ‫حال‬ ‫کې‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ې‬‫ډېر‬ ‫ې‬ ‫پيس‬ ‫په‬ ‫مې‬ ‫ې‬‫پر‬ ‫تللی‬ ،‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫او‬ ‫که‬ ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫ر‬‫کو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫تر‬ ‫سېدلو‬‫ر‬ ‫صبر‬ ،‫وکړم‬ ‫او‬ ‫په‬ ‫لږ‬ ‫م‬ ‫صرف‬ ‫کافي‬ ،‫وڅښم‬ ‫مګر‬ ‫ترهغه‬ ‫وخته‬ ‫تنده‬ ‫غمم؟؛‬‫ز‬‫و‬ ‫پرته‬ ‫لدې‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ما‬ ‫يې‬ ‫په‬ ‫ه‬‫ړ‬‫ا‬ ‫فکر‬ ‫ی‬‫کړ‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫په‬ ‫ډېره‬ ‫س‬ ‫اده‬ ‫توګه‬ ‫بيې‬ / Costs ( ‫ه‬‫ړ‬‫لو‬ ‫بيه‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سملس‬ ‫کافي‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫لپا‬ ) ‫د‬ ‫ګټو‬ / Benefits ( ‫بېدل‬‫و‬‫خړ‬ ) ‫په‬ ‫اندې‬‫ړ‬‫و‬ ‫مقايسه‬ ،‫کوم‬ ‫او‬ ‫باآلخره‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫نيسم‬ ‫چې‬ ‫په‬ ‫نتيجه‬ ‫کې‬ ‫يې‬ ‫ښايي‬ ‫ه‬‫ز‬ ‫د‬ ‫کافي‬ ‫انيولو‬‫ر‬ ‫ته‬ ‫ترجېح‬ ‫کړم‬‫ر‬‫و‬ . ‫او‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫پدې‬ ‫معنی‬ ‫چې‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫معموال‬ ‫په‬ ‫هره‬ ‫مالي‬ ‫معامله‬ ‫کې‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬‫ايز‬‫ر‬‫غ‬ ‫له‬ ‫مخې‬ ‫اقتصادي‬ ‫تحليلونه‬ ،‫و‬‫کو‬ ‫او‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ې‬‫يواز‬ ‫ا‬ ‫قتصاد‬ ‫پوهان‬ ‫ولی‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ . 12 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫نو‬ ‫کله‬ ‫چې‬ ‫د‬ ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫په‬ ‫ه‬‫ړ‬‫ا‬ ‫فکر‬ ،‫ۍ‬‫وکړ‬ ‫دې‬ ‫پايلې‬ ‫ته‬ ‫به‬ ‫ۍ‬‫سېږ‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫چې‬ ‫يو‬ ‫اقتصادي‬ ‫منطق‬ ‫د‬ ‫علمي‬ ‫او‬ ‫سيستماتيک‬ ‫ش‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫په‬ ‫مټ‬ ‫په‬ ‫غتيا‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫پالنه‬ ‫کې‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫نيونه‬ ‫ډېره‬ ‫ي‬‫آسانو‬ ‫او‬ ‫وسعت‬ ‫ي‬‫کو‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫چې‬ ‫که‬ ‫بيخي‬ ‫يې‬ ‫سپينه‬ ‫ايو‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫نو‬ ‫ډېر‬ ‫ځله‬ ‫ې‬‫يواز‬ ‫د‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫سالم‬ ‫قضاوت‬ / ‫عقل‬ (Common Sense) ‫نتيجه‬ ‫ده‬ . • ‫خو‬ ‫بيا‬ ‫هم‬ ‫سليم‬ ‫قضاوت‬ ‫تل‬ ‫دومره‬ ‫په‬ ‫آسانه‬ ‫نه‬ ‫موندل‬ ‫؛‬‫ي‬‫کېږ‬ ‫چې‬ ‫له‬ ‫امله‬ ‫يې‬ ‫مختلفې‬ ‫طريقې‬ ‫اندې‬‫ړ‬‫و‬ ‫ې‬‫شو‬ ‫ترڅو‬ ‫د‬ ‫بيو‬ ‫او‬ ‫منافعو‬ ‫ترمنځ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ن‬‫تواز‬ ‫امنځته‬‫ر‬ ‫کولو‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫لپا‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫ل‬‫نيو‬ ‫آسانه‬ ‫ي‬‫کړ‬ . ‫او‬ ‫پرته‬ ‫لد‬ ‫ې‬ ‫چې‬ ‫د‬ ‫ې‬‫يو‬ ‫ې‬‫بشپړ‬ ‫اقتصادي‬ ‫يابۍ‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫موجوديت‬ ‫يا‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫موجوديت‬ ‫په‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ونيسو‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ې‬‫الر‬ ‫ې‬‫چار‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫ته‬ ‫پ‬ ‫خپلو‬ ‫تصاميمو‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ډاډ‬ ‫اپه‬‫ر‬ ‫برخه‬ ‫ي‬‫کو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫د‬ ‫ټولو‬ (Healthcare Professionals) ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫پاملرنو‬ ‫د‬ ‫مسلکي‬ ‫نکو‬‫و‬‫کارکو‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫لپا‬ ‫د‬ ‫فکر‬ ‫کولو‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫ډېره‬ ‫ښتناکه‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫وسيله‬ ‫ده‬ . 13 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫اوس‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫پوهيږو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫د‬ ‫انتخابونو‬ ‫علم‬ ‫دی‬ . ‫مونږ‬ ‫ځکه‬ ‫په‬ ‫انتخابولو‬ ‫و‬‫يږ‬‫ر‬‫مجبو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫نامح‬ ‫دودې‬ ‫سرچينې‬ Resources/ ‫نه‬ ‫و‬‫لر‬ . ‫په‬ ‫سمي‬‫ر‬ ،‫ل‬‫ډو‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫د‬ ‫انتخابونو‬ ‫په‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ل‬‫نيو‬ ‫او‬ ‫ی‬‫ددو‬ ‫ترمنځ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ولويتونو‬ ‫په‬ ‫نښه‬ ‫ل‬‫کو‬ ،‫ي‬‫تحليلو‬ ‫ترڅو‬ ‫ترټولو‬ ‫ډېره‬ ‫هوساينه‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬‫ډېر‬ ‫محدودو‬ ‫منابعو‬ ‫په‬ ‫چوکاټ‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ميس‬ ‫ره‬ ‫ي‬‫کړ‬ . • ‫او‬ ‫اوس‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫پدې‬ ‫هم‬ ‫پوهيږو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫ل‬‫ټو‬ ‫په‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫شعو‬ ‫يا‬ ‫غير‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫شعو‬ ‫ل‬‫ډو‬ ‫په‬ ‫مره‬‫ز‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫ند‬‫و‬‫ژ‬ ‫کې‬ ‫اقتص‬ ‫اد‬ ‫و‬‫و‬‫کار‬ ( ‫آيا‬ ‫يو‬ ‫انه‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫موټر‬ ‫انيسم‬‫ر‬ ‫او‬ ‫که‬ ‫لږ‬ ‫ې‬‫ډېر‬ ‫پۍ‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫په‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫ښکلي‬ ‫موټر‬ ‫کړم؟‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ) ، ‫او‬ ‫لکه‬ ‫څرنګ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫چې‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫خپل‬ ‫انه‬‫ز‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫ند‬‫و‬‫ژ‬ ‫د‬ ‫خپلو‬ ‫بوديجو‬ ‫په‬ ‫محدوده‬ ‫کې‬ ‫و‬‫و‬‫تېر‬ ( ‫ه‬‫ړ‬‫ز‬ ‫مې‬ ‫وايي‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ښکلی‬ ‫موټر‬ ،‫انيسه‬‫ر‬ ‫مګ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ماغزه‬ ‫مې‬ ‫وايي‬ ‫چې‬ ‫انه‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫يې‬ ‫ښه‬ ‫تماميږي‬ ) . ‫په‬ ‫واضح‬ ‫ل‬‫ډو‬ ‫د‬ ‫متبادلو‬ ‫انو‬‫ر‬‫موټ‬ ‫سره‬ ‫د‬ ‫ليو‬‫ړ‬‫ت‬ ‫منافعو‬ ‫او‬ ‫بيو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫رمنځ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ې‬ ‫مقايس‬ ‫ل‬‫کو‬ ‫مونږ‬‫ز‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫ي‬‫بډايو‬ ‫او‬ ‫معقوليت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫بښ‬‫ر‬‫و‬ . 14 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫بايد‬ ‫ومنو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫د‬ ‫غتيا‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫پالنې‬ ‫ۍ‬‫نړ‬ ‫ډېره‬ ‫متفاوته‬ ‫ده‬ . ‫او‬ ‫دا‬ ‫د‬ ‫انو‬‫ر‬‫موټ‬ ‫انيولو‬‫ر‬ ‫او‬ ‫د‬ ‫چاکليټو‬ ‫د‬ ‫ټ‬ ‫وټو‬ ‫له‬ ‫اخيستلو‬ ‫سره‬ ‫ا‬ ‫کامل‬ ‫توپير‬ ‫ي‬‫لر‬ . ‫د‬ ‫غتيا‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫پالنې‬ ‫ټکنالوجۍ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫معموال‬ ‫ې‬ ‫داس‬ ‫ځانګړنې‬ ‫ي‬‫لر‬ ‫چې‬ ‫اقتصادي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حليلونه‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫متأثر‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫مثل‬ : ‫مونږ‬ ‫ته‬ ‫د‬ ‫يوه‬ ‫کس‬ ‫ي‬‫تداو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫دی‬ ‫له‬ ‫دايمي‬ ‫حرکي‬ ‫معيوبيت‬ (Wheelchair-boundness) ‫څخه‬ ‫ي‬‫ر‬‫غو‬‫ژ‬ ‫څومره‬ ‫ښت‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫؟‬‫ي‬‫لر‬ ‫او‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ديو‬ ‫چا‬ ‫له‬ ‫ندېدلو‬‫ړ‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫د‬ ‫نې‬‫ر‬‫غو‬‫ژ‬ ‫په‬ ‫مقايسه‬ ‫څومره‬ ‫ځښت‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫لودی‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ي؟‬ ‫ش‬ ‫او‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ما‬‫ز‬ ‫په‬ ‫نظر‬ ‫هغه‬ ‫څه‬ ‫دي‬ ‫چې‬ ‫صحي‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫په‬ ‫ه‬‫ړ‬‫ز‬ ‫ې‬‫ر‬‫پو‬ ‫او‬ ‫حياتي‬ ‫ي‬‫کو‬ . 15 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫پوهان‬ ‫هڅه‬ ‫ي‬‫کو‬ ‫ترڅو‬ ‫د‬ Healthcare ‫له‬ ‫بوديجې‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫د‬ ‫مصرفېدونکو‬ ‫پيو‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫په‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫ک‬ ‫ې‬ ‫د‬ ‫اعظمي‬ ‫ښت‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫د‬ ‫ترالسه‬ ‫کولو‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫لپا‬ ‫يو‬ ‫نړيوال‬ ‫خوځښت‬ ‫امنځته‬‫ر‬ ،‫ي‬‫کړ‬ ‫او‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ل‬‫ټو‬ ‫ې‬‫يواز‬ ‫د‬ ‫غتيا‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫پالونکو‬ ‫مداخلو‬ ‫او‬ ‫ټکنالوجيو‬ ‫د‬ ‫ي‬‫معالجو‬ ‫ښت‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫او‬ ‫مؤثريت‬ ‫څخه‬ ‫د‬ ‫اطمنان‬ ‫حاصلولو‬ ‫په‬ ‫وسيله‬ ‫نه‬ ‫بلکې‬ ‫د‬ ‫دې‬ ‫په‬ ‫ه‬‫ړ‬‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫ډاډ‬ ‫د‬ ‫حاصلولو‬ ‫په‬ ‫مټ‬ ‫هم‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ې‬‫ړ‬‫نومو‬ ‫مداخلې‬ ‫ا‬ ‫واقعا‬ ‫يو‬ Cost-effective ‫انديز‬‫ړ‬‫و‬ ‫دی‬ . • ‫په‬ ‫ټوله‬ ‫ۍ‬‫نړ‬ ‫کې‬ ‫منل‬ ‫ې‬‫شو‬ ‫چې‬ Healthcare ‫سيستم‬ ‫دومره‬ ‫منابع‬ ‫ي‬‫نلر‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ټولې‬ ،‫ې‬‫نو‬ ‫مغلقې‬ ‫او‬ ‫ان‬‫ر‬‫ګ‬ ‫بي‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ې‬‫معاصر‬ ‫ټکنالوجۍ‬ ‫چمتو‬ ‫ي‬‫کړ‬ . ‫په‬ ‫نړيواله‬ ‫کچه‬ ‫د‬ ‫و‬‫وګړ‬ ‫صحي‬ ‫تونه‬‫ر‬‫و‬‫ضر‬ ‫په‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫ل‬‫ډو‬ ‫د‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫و‬ ‫غتياپالو‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫سيستمونو‬ ‫له‬ ‫بوديجې‬ ‫او‬ ‫فنډونو‬ ‫ی‬‫تېر‬ ‫ي‬‫کو‬ . ‫کله‬ ‫چې‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫پردې‬ ‫وپوهيږو‬ ‫او‬ ‫ومنو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫د‬ ‫غتياپ‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫النې‬ ‫د‬ ‫تصميمونو‬ ‫نکي‬‫و‬‫نيو‬ ‫له‬ ‫ستونزمنو‬ ‫انتخابونو‬ ‫سره‬ ‫مخامخ‬ ،‫ي‬‫کېږ‬ ‫بيا‬ ‫درک‬ ‫کولی‬ ‫شو‬ ‫چې‬ ‫د‬ ‫مجمو‬ ‫عي‬ ‫بيو‬ ‫او‬ ‫واقعي‬ ‫ګټو‬ ‫له‬ ‫مخې‬ ‫ځينې‬ ‫مداخلت‬ ‫او‬ ‫ټکنالوجۍ‬ ‫پرځينو‬ ‫و‬‫ر‬‫نو‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫غو‬ ‫و‬‫کړ‬ . 16 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
• ‫نو‬ ‫ددې‬ ‫کتاب‬ ‫اصلي‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫دادۍ‬ ‫چې‬ ‫تاسو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫د‬ ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫اقتصادي‬ ‫تصاميمو‬ ‫د‬ ‫نيولو‬ ‫او‬ ‫درک‬ ‫کول‬ ‫و‬ ‫وسايل‬ ‫په‬ ‫الس‬ ‫ي‬‫درکړ‬ . ‫لکه‬ ‫ته‬‫ر‬‫پو‬ ‫مو‬ ‫چې‬ ،‫يل‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫که‬ ‫ې‬‫چېر‬ ‫پرته‬ ‫لدې‬ ‫چې‬ ‫ويې‬ ‫پېژنو‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫ې‬ ‫دداس‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫ي‬ ‫تخنيکونو‬ ‫له‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫سره‬ ‫دي‬‫ږ‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ،‫و‬‫شو‬ ‫نو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫يقينا‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫به‬ ‫ددې‬ ‫ړ‬‫و‬ ‫و‬‫و‬ ‫چې‬ ‫په‬ ‫سمي‬‫ر‬ ‫ل‬‫ډو‬ ‫يې‬ ‫هم‬ ‫پلي‬ ‫و‬‫کړ‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫غالبا‬ ‫تاسو‬ ‫يو‬ ‫صحي‬ ‫مسلکي‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫ياست‬ ‫يا‬ ‫مو‬ ‫په‬ ‫اتلونکي‬‫ر‬ ‫کې‬ ‫ې‬ ‫دداس‬ ‫کېدلو‬ ‫اده‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ،‫ده‬ ‫او‬ ‫يا‬ ‫مو‬ ‫ې‬ ‫هس‬ ‫د‬ ‫صحي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫قتصاد‬ ‫له‬ ‫موضوع‬ ‫سره‬ ‫مينه‬ ‫ده؛‬ ‫که‬ ‫هرڅه‬ ‫ۍ‬‫و‬ ‫ستاسو‬ ‫اوسني‬ ‫ده‬‫ز‬ ‫مفاهيم‬ ‫د‬ ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫د‬ ‫يابۍ‬‫ز‬‫ار‬ ‫اس‬ ‫اسات‬ ،‫ي‬‫و‬‫ړ‬‫جو‬ ‫او‬ ‫دا‬ ‫کتاب‬ ‫به‬ ‫تاسو‬ ‫هغو‬ ‫تخنيکونو‬ ‫ته‬ ‫ي‬‫سو‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫چې‬ ‫غتيائي‬‫و‬‫ر‬ ‫اقتصادپوهان‬ ‫يې‬ ‫هره‬ ‫ځ‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫ک‬ ‫ي‬‫و‬‫ار‬ . ‫مګر‬ ‫ر‬‫باو‬ ،‫ئ‬‫ولر‬ ‫چې‬ ‫هغه‬ ‫هېڅکله‬ ‫تر‬ ‫هغو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اساس‬ ‫مفاهيمو‬ ‫ډېر‬ ‫څه‬ ‫ندي‬ ‫چې‬ ‫مونږ‬ ‫همدا‬ ‫اوس‬ ‫ې‬‫پر‬ ‫وغږېدلو‬ . 17 ‫اقتصاد‬ ‫روغتيائي‬
18 ‫مننه‬ ‫مو‬ ‫نه‬ ‫توجه‬ ‫له‬ !

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