1. Department of Plastic and
Reconstructive Surgery
Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical
Sciences
Topic : Cephalometery
2. Department of Plastic and
Reconstructive Surgery
Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical
Sciences
• Presenter: Dr Junaid Khurshid
• Moderator: Dr Haroon Rashid Zargar
3. USES
• Helps in orthodontic diagnosis.
• Helps in classification of skeletal and dental
abnormalities.
• Helps in planning treatment of an individual.
• Helps in evaluation of treatment results.
• Helps in predicting growth related changes
11. Downs Analysis
• It is one of the most frequently used cephalometric
analysis.
• Downs analysis consists of ten parameters of which
five are skeletal and five are dental.
12. Skeletal Parameters FACIAL ANGLE
• It is the inside inferior angle formed by intersection
of nasion - pogonion line and F.H. plane.
• Average value- 87.8’ ( 82 – 95’)
• Significance – Indicates antero – posterior
positioning of mandible in relation to upper face.
16. • Angle formed at the intersection nasion-point A
to point A – pogonion.
• Average value ( -8.5 to 10’).
• Significance- A positive angle suggest a prominent
maxillary denture base in relation to mandible.
• Negative angle is indicative of prognathic profile.
17. A-B PLANE ANGLE
Angle formed at the ntersection of point A – point B
line to nasion – pogonion line.
Average value- -4.6’ ( -9 to 0’)
• Significance- indicative of maxillo mandibular
relationship in relation to facial plane.
• Negative since point B is positioned behind point A.
• Positive in class III Occulusion
18.
19. MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE
• Angle formed at the intersection of mandibular
plane with F.H. Plane.
• Average value- 21.9’ ( 17 to 28’)
20.
21. Y-AXIS
• Angle formed b/w sella gnathion to F.H. plane
• Average value; 59’ ( 53’ to 66’)
• Angle is larger in class II facial patterns.
• Indicates growth pattern of a individual.
22.
23. CANT OF OCCLUSAL PLANE
• Angle formed b/w occlusal plane to F.H.
Plane
• Average value- 9.3 (1.5 to 14’)
• Gives a measure of slope of occlusal plane relative
to F.H. Plane.
• Occlusal plane , line joining occlusion of first
permanent molar and incisor overbite.
24.
25. INTER INCISAL ANGLE
• Angle between long axes of upper and lower
incisors.
• Average value: 135.4’ (130 to 150.5’).
• Decreased in case of bi dental protrusion. ( Bi
maxillary protrusion)
26.
27. INCISOR OCCLUSAL PLANE ANGLE
• This is the inside inferior angle formed by the
intersection between the long axis of lover central
incisor and the occlusal plane and is read as a plus or
minus deviation from a right angle
• Average value: 14.5” (3.5 to 20’)
• An increase in this angle is suggestive of increased
lower incisor proclination.
28.
29. INCISOR MANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE
• This angel is formed by intersection of the long axis
of the lower incisor and the mandibular plane.
• An increase in this angle is suggestive of increased
lower incisor proclination.
30.
31. UPPER INCISOR TO A-POG
• This is a linear measurement between the incisal
edge of the maxillary central incisor and the line
joining point A to pogonion. This distance is on an
average 2.7 mm mm(rang-1 to 5 mm)
• The measurement is more in patients presenting
with upper incisor proclination.
34. • Steiner use SELLA to NASION line as a reference
plane for his analysis. This line represents the
anterior cranial base.
• Steiner highlighted difficulties in accurate location
of the porion point and its relative variation, which
could be observed in successive radigraphs. This in
turn, affected the orientation of F-H plane.
35. • S and N points have another advantage of being
located in the mid sagittal plane of the head and
move minimally with any any deviation of head
from true profile position. The cranial base
undergoes very little change after the age of 6- 7
years.
37. DENTAL PARAMETERS
• UPPER INCISOR TO N-A ANGLE
• UPPER INCISOR TO N-A LINEAR
• LOWER INCISOR TO N-B ANGLE
• LOWER INCISOR TO N-B LINEAR
• INTER INCISOR ANGLE
43. MANDIBULAR PLANE
• Drawn between gonion & gnathion
• The mandibular plane angle is formed by joining the
mandibular plane to the anterior cranial base (S-N
plane)
• Mean reading is 32°
• Excessively high or low mandibular plane angles
suggest unfavourable growth pattern in individuals
45. • Increased angle may be structural overbite or due
to vertical growth pattern
46. Occlusal plane
• Occlusal plane drawn through the region of
overlapping cusps of 1st premolars & 1st molars.
• Angle of occlusal plane & S-N is measured.
• Mean reading is 14°
• The angle is increased in long face or vertically
growing individuals and also skeletal open bite
cases.
• It may be decreased in horizontally growing
individuals or cases with a skeletal deep bite.
