contain a short overview and exam point importance of volatile oil

1. Junaid nawaz khattak
Student of pharmacy
3rd professional
Abdul wali khan university
mardan kpk pakistan

2. the important drugs containing phenol volatile
oils are, namely:
 Clove oil
Thyme

3.  Botanical name:Thymus serphyllum Linn.,
and T. vulgaris Linn.,
 Family: Labiatae
 Common name: thyme
 Parts used: oil obtained from leaves mostly

4.  Oil of thyme,
the essential oil of
common thyme
(Thymus vulgaris),
contains 20–
54% thymol.
 Thyme essential oil
also contains a range
of additional
compounds, such
as p-
cymene, myrcene, bo
rneol, and linalool.

5.  Thymol may be steam-distilled from alkaline
solution without previous acidification.
 Steam distillation
 Applied to plant material that is fresh e.g. peppermint or spearmint or
thyme.
 The plant is cut and is placed directly into a metal distilling tank on a
truck bed.
 The truck is moved to a distilling shed, where steam lines are attached to
the bottom of the distilling tank.
 The plant material is still green and contains natural moisture; therefore,
maceration is not needed.
 Steam is passed through the fresh herb and carries the oil droplets
through a vapor pipe that is attached to condensing chamber.
 During steam distillation, some components of a volatile oil are
hydrolyzed while the other are decomposed due to high temperatures.

6.  Thymol can also be found as the active
ingredient in some all-natural, alcohol-
free hand sanitizers.
 A tisane made by infusing the herb in water
can be used for coughs and bronchitis.
 It is mostly employed as a disinfectant.
 It is also used as an anthelmintic
(Nematodes).
 Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil
of thyme was used to medicate bandages.

7.  Common name: clove, lowang
 Botanical name: Syzygium aromaticum.
 family: Myrtaceae
 Part used: clove fruit

8.  Eugenol composes 72–90% of
the essential oil extracted from cloves
and is the compound most responsible
for clove aroma.
 Other important essential oil
constituents of clove oil include acetyl
eugenol, beta-
caryophyllene and vanillin, crategolic
acid, tannins such
as bicornin, gallotannic acid, methyl
salicylate (painkiller),
the flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rha
mnetin, and eugenitin,
triterpenoids such as oleanolic
acid, stigmasterol, and campesterol and
several sesquiterpenes.

9.  Eugenol essential oils are extracted by
direct or indirect steam distillation.
Water and steam distillation
 Applied to plant material that may be dried or fresh and can be
destroyed by boiling.
 In case of dried material e.g. cinnamon or clove, the drug is
ground.
 It is then covered with a layer of water.
 Steam is passed through the macerated mixture.
 As the oil can be damaged by direct boiling; therefore, steam is
generated elsewhere and is conveyed into the container that
keeps the drug.
 Oily layer of condensed distillate is separated from the aqueous
layer.
 The oil is then marketed with or without further processing.

10.  clove oil is used in preparation of some toothpastes and
Clovacaine solution, which is a local anesthetic used in
oral ulceration and inflammation.
 Eugenol (or clove oil generally) is mixed with zinc oxide to
form a temporary tooth cavity filling.
 Clove oil can be used to anesthetize fish, and prolonged
exposure to higher doses (the recommended dose is
400 mg/l) is considered a humane means of euthanasia
 Cloves are used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese
medicine, and western herbalism and dentistry where
the essential oil is used as an anodyne (painkiller) for
dental emergencies.
 Cloves are used as a carminative, to increase hydrochloric
acid in the stomach and to improve peristalsis.
 Cloves are also said to be a natural anthelmintic